The drug of choice for syphilis treatment is

Choice A reason: Congenital anomalies of the central nervous system are not a common complication of GDM, as they usually occur in the first trimester, before GDM develops. However, GDM can increase the risk of other congenital anomalies, such as cardiac defects or neural tube defects.

Choice B reason: Preterm birth is a possible complication of GDM, as it can be caused by maternal hypertension, preeclampsia, or placental abruption. However, it is not the most likely complication, as GDM can also delay the onset of labor and prolong the pregnancy.

Choice C reason: Low birth weight is not a typical complication of GDM, as it is more associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which is caused by placental insufficiency. GDM can cause the opposite problem, which is excessive fetal growth.

Choice D reason: Macrosomia is the most common complication of GDM, as it is defined as a birth weight of more than 4,000 grams (8.8 pounds). It is caused by the excess glucose crossing the placenta and stimulating the fetal insulin production, which leads to increased fat deposition and organ enlargement. Macrosomia can increase the risk of birth trauma, shoulder dystocia, and neonatal hypoglycemia.

Choice A reason: Hyperbilirubinemia is incorrect because it is not a major complication of infants of diabetic mothers. It is a condition where the baby has high levels of bilirubin in the blood, which can cause jaundice. It can occur in any newborn, but it is more common in premature babies, babies with blood type incompatibility, or babies with infections.

Choice B reason: Hypoglycemia is correct because it is a major complication of infants of diabetic mothers. It is a condition where the baby has low blood sugar levels, which can cause seizures, lethargy, or poor feeding. It can occur because the baby's pancreas produces too much insulin in response to the mother's high blood sugar levels during pregnancy.

Choice C reason: Hypoinsulinemia is incorrect because it is not a major complication of infants of diabetic mothers. It is a condition where the body does not produce enough insulin, which can cause high blood sugar levels. It can occur in children or adults with type 1 diabetes, but not in newborns of diabetic mothers.

Choice D reason: Hypercalcemia is incorrect because it is not a major complication of infants of diabetic mothers. It is a condition where the baby has high levels of calcium in the blood, which can cause muscle weakness, vomiting, or kidney stones. It can occur in babies with certain genetic disorders, such as Williams syndrome, or babies with hyperparathyroidism, but not in infants of diabetic mothers.