The four phases of surgical care are preoperative care, intraoperative care, post anesthesia care, and:

A. The opinion of a second surgeon is sought regarding the necessity of the surgery. This is an appropriate course of action when consent cannot be obtained from the patient or family, especially in emergency situations to ensure the necessity of surgery.

B. The surgeon will write a detailed note about the need for surgery and a registered nurse will then sign the consent. RNs do not have the legal authority to sign surgical consent forms, which should be signed by a legal guardian or the healthcare provider in emergencies when appropriate.

C. The hospital social worker can sign the permit. Social workers do not have the authority to sign consent forms. Consent must typically come from a legally authorized individual.

D. The hospital attorney must authorize the surgery and sign the consent form. The hospital attorney is not typically involved in emergency decision-making about surgery unless there are significant legal concerns, which is not the case in this scenario.

A. Urinary tract infections are common at this stage. While urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a potential postoperative complication, monitoring urine output is not primarily for detecting UTIs but for ensuring adequate kidney function and overall circulatory health.

B. Decreased urine output may be a sign of shock. Decreased urine output can be a key indicator of shock, as inadequate perfusion to the kidneys during shock reduces urine production. This is a critical sign of potential hemodynamic instability and warrants immediate attention.

C. A distended bladder is uncomfortable. While a distended bladder can be uncomfortable, monitoring urine output is more about assessing kidney function and detecting issues like dehydration, shock, or kidney failure rather than simply comfort.

D. Swelling may block the ureters or urethra. Swelling may cause urinary retention, but this is less common as a primary concern postoperatively. The primary reason for monitoring urine output is to assess overall circulation and kidney function, not necessarily to monitor for obstruction.