The hospital's Emergency Operations Committee is working on their disaster plan. In which components should nurses be included? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

- Child abuse is the intentional or neglectful physical, emotional, or sexual harm or injury of a child by a parent, caregiver, or another person who has a relationship of trust or responsibility with the child. Child abuse can have serious and long-lasting consequences for the child's health, development, and well-being.

- The practical nurse (PN) has a legal and ethical duty to identify, report, and prevent child abuse. The PN should be alert for any signs and symptoms of child abuse, such as unexplained or inconsistent injuries, bruises, burns, fractures, or scars; behavioural changes, such as fear, anxiety, aggression, withdrawal, or depression; poor hygiene, nutrition, or growth; lack of supervision, medical care, or education; or sexualized behaviours or knowledge.

- The PN should also conduct a thorough and sensitive assessment of the child and the family situation, using open-ended questions, active listening, and a non-judgmental attitude. The PN should compare the history and physical findings of the child with the expected developmental milestones and normal variations for the child's age and stage. The PN should also document any relevant information in an objective and factual manner.

- When the mother of a school-aged boy tells the PN that he fell out of a tree and hurt his arm and shoulder, the PN should assess the child's injury and compare it with the mother's explanation. The most significant indicator of possible child abuse in this scenario is if the injury description by the mother varies from the child's version. This may suggest that the mother is lying or covering up the true cause of the injury, which may be intentional or accidental harm by herself or someone else. A discrepancy between the mother's and the child's stories may also indicate that the child is afraid or coerced to hide the truth about the abuse.

- Therefore, option D is the correct answer, while options A, B, and C are incorrect.

- Option A is incorrect because the child looking at the floor when answering the nurse's questions may not be a sign of abuse, but rather a sign of shyness, embarrassment, pain, or discomfort.

Option B is incorrect because the mother describing in detail what she did for her injured child may not be a sign of abuse, but rather a sign of concern, care, or guilt.

Option C is incorrect because the abrasions on the child's arms, legs, and chest having healed may not be a sign of abuse, but rather a sign of normal wound healing or previous accidents.

Seizure precauons are measures taken to protect a client who is at risk of having a seizure, which is a sudden and abnormal electrical acvity in the brain that can cause changes in behavior, movement, sensaon, or consciousness. Seizure precauons include providing a safe environment, monitoring the client's vital signs and neurological status, administering anconvulsant medicaons, and documenng the onset, duraon, and characteriscs of any seizure acvity³.

One of the potenal complicaons of a seizure is aspiraon, which is the inhalaon of foreign material into the lungs, such as saliva, vomit, or food. Aspiraon can cause choking, pneumonia, or respiratory distress. To prevent or treat aspiraon, the praccal nurse (PN) should ensure the ready availability of equipment to perform suconing of the trachea, which is the tube that connects the mouth and nose to the lungs. Suconing of the trachea involves inserng a catheter through the nose or mouth into the trachea and applying negave pressure to remove any secreons or debris from the airway.

Therefore, opon A is the correct answer, while opons B, C, and D are incorrect.

Opon B is incorrect because inserng a urinary catheter is not related to seizure precauons or aspiraon prevenon.

Opon C is incorrect because applying so restraints may not be necessary or appropriate for a client who requires seizure precauons, as they may interfere with the natural movements of the seizure or cause injury to the client.

Opon D is incorrect because inserng a nasogastric tube is not related to seizure precauons or aspiraon prevenon.