The nurse is applying standard precautions in the care of a patient who has a history of human immunodeficiency virus. What key element of standard precaution?

Using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).

Placing patient in positive pressure isolation room

Placing patient in contact precautions

Wearing gloves at all times.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. Using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE): Standard precautions include the use of PPE such as gloves, masks, gowns, and eye protection when caring for all patients, regardless of their known or suspected infectious status. This helps prevent the transmission of pathogens between the patient and the healthcare provider.

B. Placing patient in positive pressure isolation room: Placing a patient in a positive pressure isolation room is not a component of standard precautions. Positive pressure rooms are typically used for patients with compromised immune systems to protect them from exposure to airborne pathogens. Standard precautions should be followed regardless of the patient's room type.

C. Placing patient in contact precautions: Contact precautions involve specific measures to prevent the transmission of pathogens through direct or indirect contact with the patient or their environment. While contact precautions may be necessary for certain infectious diseases, they are not a component of standard precautions.

D. Wearing gloves at all times: While wearing gloves is part of standard precautions, it is not the only key element. Standard precautions also include other forms of PPE such as masks, gowns, and eye protection, as well as other infection control practices such as hand hygiene and environmental cleaning.

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D"]

Explanation

A. Pedal edema: Amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, can cause peripheral edema as a side effect due to its vasodilatory effects on arterioles. This can manifest as swelling, particularly in the feet and ankles.

B. Muscle cramps: Muscle cramps are a known side effect of amlodipine. While the mechanism is not fully understood, calcium channel blockers like amlodipine can disrupt calcium ion flux in muscle cells, potentially leading to muscle cramping.

C. Dizziness: Dizziness is a common side effect of amlodipine, particularly during the initial period of treatment or when dosage adjustments are made. It is believed to be related to its vasodilatory effects and subsequent lowering of blood pressure.

D. Sexual dysfunction: Sexual dysfunction, including erectile dysfunction, has been reported as a side effect of amlodipine in some patients. The exact mechanism is not well understood but may be related to alterations in blood flow or neurohormonal effects.

E. Bradycardia: Bradycardia (slow heart rate) is not a typical side effect of amlodipine. Amlodipine primarily acts as a vasodilator and does not typically affect heart rate. In fact, it may cause reflex tachycardia (increased heart rate) in some individuals as a compensatory response to its vasodilatory effects.

A. Encourage the patient and family to manage the patient's activity level and activities of daily living effectively. B. Encourage the patient to express feelings of isolation and loneliness, with the assurance that these feelings are not unique or abnormal. C. Encourage the patient and family to be active partners in the management of immunodeficiency. D. Make sure that the patient and family know how to adjust dosages of the medications used in treatment.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Encourage the patient and family to manage the patient's activity level and activities of daily living effectively: While managing activity levels and daily living tasks is important for overall health and well-being, this action alone may not directly address feelings of isolation experienced by the patient. Encouraging social support and addressing emotional needs are also vital aspects of care for someone with HIV.

B. Encourage the patient to express feelings of isolation and loneliness, with the assurance that these feelings are not unique or abnormal: Patients with HIV often experience feelings of isolation and loneliness due to stigma, fear of rejection, or loss of social support. Encouraging the patient to openly express these feelings can help them feel validated and understood. Assuring them that such feelings are common among individuals with HIV can help reduce their sense of isolation and promote emotional well-being.

C. Encourage the patient and family to be active partners in the management of immunodeficiency: While involving the patient and family in the management of HIV is essential, this action primarily focuses on medical management rather than addressing the psychosocial aspect of isolation. Collaborative care is important, but addressing emotional needs should also be prioritized.

D. Make sure that the patient and family know how to adjust dosages of the medications used in treatment: While medication adherence is crucial in managing HIV, ensuring proper dosage adjustments is primarily a clinical aspect of care. While important, this action alone may not directly address the patient's feelings of isolation.

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The nurse is applying standard precautions in the care of a patient who has a history of human immunodeficiency virus. What key element of standard precaution?

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D"]

Explanation

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Correct Answer is B

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