The nurse is assessing a patient prior to surgery for esophageal cancer. Which of the following would be considered a risk factor for the development of this disease?

Herpes Simplex

Consumption of spicy foods

Reflux Disease

Daily NSAID use

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A.   Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is not directly linked to an increased risk of esophageal cancer. While it can cause infections in the esophagus, especially in immunocompromised individuals, it is not recognized as a significant risk factor for esophageal cancer itself.
B.   While some individuals may experience discomfort from spicy foods, there is no substantial evidence linking the consumption of spicy foods directly to the development of esophageal cancer. Dietary factors are more complex, and spicy foods are not typically identified as a primary risk factor.
C.   Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a significant risk factor for esophageal cancer, particularly adenocarcinoma. Chronic reflux can lead to changes in the esophageal lining (Barrett's esophagus), which is a precancerous condition. Therefore, this is a well-established risk factor.
D.   The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is not considered a direct risk factor for esophageal cancer. In some contexts, NSAIDs may even have a protective effect against certain types of cancer due to their anti-inflammatory properties. However, chronic use can lead to gastrointestinal complications, including ulcers, but does not have a clear link to the development of esophageal cancer.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. While altered mental status can occur in older adults with pneumonia, especially due to hypoxia or infection, it is often a result of more advanced disease or complications rather than an early symptom. Dehydration can also occur but is not a direct symptom of pneumonia.
B. Hemoptysis (coughing up blood) is not a common early symptom of pneumonia, especially in older adults. Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) may occur, but it generally arises as the pneumonia worsens. These symptoms might not be the first to present.
C. Pleuritic chest pain (pain upon breathing) can be associated with pneumonia but is not necessarily an early symptom, especially in the elderly. Hypertension may be present but is not a hallmark of pneumonia and can vary widely among patients.
D. Fever and chills are common initial symptoms of pneumonia and are part of the body’s response to infection. In elderly patients, fever may sometimes be less pronounced or atypical, but it is still one of the first signs of pneumonia.

A. The spouse washes their hands frequently with soap and water. B. The spouse drinks electrolyte solution. C. The spouse prepares lunch for the client. D. The spouse uses a separate tube of toothpaste.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Frequent handwashing is critical in preventing the spread of infections, especially when one person in the household is ill with gastroenteritis. This practice indicates good hygiene and care for the client.
B. Drinking an electrolyte solution can help the spouse stay hydrated, especially when experiencing frequent loose stools due to gastroenteritis. Staying hydrated is essential for recovery.
C. If the spouse is actively preparing food for the client while having gastroenteritis, there is a risk of contaminating the food, which could lead to the client becoming ill. The client may be more vulnerable to infections, particularly following a stroke, and it is crucial to prevent exposure to any pathogens.
D. This observation is a good practice as it helps prevent the spread of germs. Using separate personal items, like a toothbrush and toothpaste, can minimize the risk of transmitting infections.

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The nurse is assessing a patient prior to surgery for esophageal cancer. Which of the following would be considered a risk factor for the development of this disease?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

An 80-year-old client is diagnosed with pneumonia. Which of the following symptoms may appear first?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

The nurse makes a home care visit to a client with a diagnosis of right sided stroke. The client's spouse reports that she was recently diagnosed with gastroenteritis and is having frequent loose stools. The nurse is most concerned with which observation?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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