The nurse is assessing a patient prior to surgery for esophageal cancer. Which of the following would be considered a risk factor for the development of this disease?

Herpes Simplex

Consumption of spicy foods

Reflux Disease

Daily NSAID use

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A.   Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is not directly linked to an increased risk of esophageal cancer. While it can cause infections in the esophagus, especially in immunocompromised individuals, it is not recognized as a significant risk factor for esophageal cancer itself.
B.   While some individuals may experience discomfort from spicy foods, there is no substantial evidence linking the consumption of spicy foods directly to the development of esophageal cancer. Dietary factors are more complex, and spicy foods are not typically identified as a primary risk factor.
C.   Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a significant risk factor for esophageal cancer, particularly adenocarcinoma. Chronic reflux can lead to changes in the esophageal lining (Barrett's esophagus), which is a precancerous condition. Therefore, this is a well-established risk factor.
D.   The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is not considered a direct risk factor for esophageal cancer. In some contexts, NSAIDs may even have a protective effect against certain types of cancer due to their anti-inflammatory properties. However, chronic use can lead to gastrointestinal complications, including ulcers, but does not have a clear link to the development of esophageal cancer.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. LDL cholesterol, often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and PVD. High levels of LDL contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can lead to these conditions.
B. While high triglycerides can be a risk factor, low triglycerides are generally not associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis or PVD.
C. Low LDL cholesterol is actually considered beneficial and can reduce the risk of heart disease.
D. HDL cholesterol, often called "good" cholesterol, helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream. High levels of HDL are actually protective against heart disease and PVD.

A. Glucagon prolongs the effect of insulin, allowing fewer injections. B. Glucagon treats lipoatrophy from insulin injections. C. Glucagon enhances the effect of insulin in case the blood sugar remains high one hour after injection. D. Glucagon treats hypoglycemia resulting from insulin overdose.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Glucagon actually counteracts the effects of insulin by raising blood sugar levels.
B. Lipoatrophy is a condition where fat tissue breaks down at injection sites. Glucagon does not treat this condition.
C. This is also incorrect. Glucagon has the opposite effect of insulin, lowering blood sugar levels.
D. Glucagon is a hormone that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, making it effective in treating severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) that can occur due to an insulin overdose.

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The nurse is assessing a patient prior to surgery for esophageal cancer. Which of the following would be considered a risk factor for the development of this disease?

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The following are lipid abnormalities. Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease (PVD)?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A newly diagnosed 8-year-old child with type I diabetes mellitus and his mother are receiving diabetes education prior to discharge. The physician has prescribed Glucagon for emergency use. The mother asks the purpose of this medication. Which of the following statements by the nurse is correct?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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