A student nurse asks what "primary hypertension" is. What response by the registered nurse is best?

"It is hypertension with no specific cause."

"It means it is essential that it be treated."

"It means it is caused by another disease."

"It refers to severe and life-threatening hypertension.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A.   Primary hypertension, also known as essential hypertension, is characterized by high blood pressure that does not have a known secondary cause. It accounts for the majority of hypertension cases and is thought to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
B.   While treatment is important for all forms of hypertension to prevent complications, this statement is somewhat misleading. The term "essential" in primary hypertension refers to the lack of a specific identifiable cause, not that it is necessarily more critical to treat than other forms of hypertension.
C.   This definition describes secondary hypertension, not primary hypertension. Secondary hypertension results from an identifiable underlying condition, such as kidney disease or hormonal disorders.
D.   Primary hypertension can vary in severity, but it is not exclusively severe or life-threatening. While uncontrolled hypertension can lead to serious complications, primary hypertension itself does not automatically imply a critical state.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is not directly linked to an increased risk of esophageal cancer. While it can cause infections in the esophagus, especially in immunocompromised individuals, it is not recognized as a significant risk factor for esophageal cancer itself.
B. While some individuals may experience discomfort from spicy foods, there is no substantial evidence linking the consumption of spicy foods directly to the development of esophageal cancer. Dietary factors are more complex, and spicy foods are not typically identified as a primary risk factor.
C. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a significant risk factor for esophageal cancer, particularly adenocarcinoma. Chronic reflux can lead to changes in the esophageal lining (Barrett's esophagus), which is a precancerous condition. Therefore, this is a well-established risk factor.
D. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is not considered a direct risk factor for esophageal cancer. In some contexts, NSAIDs may even have a protective effect against certain types of cancer due to their anti-inflammatory properties. However, chronic use can lead to gastrointestinal complications, including ulcers, but does not have a clear link to the development of esophageal cancer.

A. Fracture of the epiphyseal plate. B. Scoliosis. C. Comminuted clavicle fracture. D. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. A fracture involving the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) can lead to differential growth in the affected limb. If a fracture occurs before the growth plate has closed, it can potentially result in the shorter leg as the growth in that limb may be inhibited compared to the unaffected leg.
B. While scoliosis can lead to asymmetrical body positioning and potentially cause a perception of leg length discrepancy, it does not typically cause a true difference in bone length. Instead, scoliosis affects the spine's curvature and may alter posture, but it’s not a direct cause of one leg being shorter than the
other.
C. A comminuted clavicle fracture primarily affects the shoulder and does not impact leg length. It involves the upper limb and does not contribute to any differences in the lengths of the legs, making this option irrelevant to the observed leg length discrepancy.
D. JIA can lead to joint inflammation and may affect limb growth if it causes significant damage to the joints. However, while it can potentially cause some discrepancies in limb length due to joint issues, it is less directly associated with one leg being shorter than the other compared to an epiphyseal plate fracture.

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A student nurse asks what "primary hypertension" is. What response by the registered nurse is best?

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A student nurse asks what "primary hypertension" is. What response by the registered nurse is best?