The nurse is caring for an elderly female with osteoporosis. When teaching the client, the nurse should include information about which major complication?

Negative calcium balance

Loss of estrogen

Dowager's hump

Bone fractures

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A.   While osteoporosis is characterized by a negative calcium balance, this is not a major complication itself. It's a contributing factor to the condition.
B.   Loss of estrogen is a risk factor for osteoporosis, especially in postmenopausal women. However, it's not a complication of the disease itself.
C.   Dowager's hump, or kyphosis, is a common symptom of osteoporosis, but it's not a major complication. It's a visible manifestation of the disease.
D.   Bone fractures are the major complication of osteoporosis. The weakened bones become more susceptible to fractures, especially in areas like the hip, spine, and wrist.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Apnea refers to a temporary cessation of breathing. If a patient is experiencing apnea, there would be a complete stop in respiratory activity, which does not apply to a respiratory rate of 36 breaths per minute.
B. Tachypnea is defined as an increased respiratory rate, typically greater than 20 breaths per minute in adults. A respiratory rate of 36 breaths per minute falls well within this range, indicating that the patient is experiencing tachypnea.
C. Bradypnea refers to a decreased respiratory rate, usually defined as fewer than 12 breaths per minute. Since the patient’s rate is 36 breaths per minute, this option does not apply.
D. Orthopnea refers to difficulty breathing when lying flat and is not specifically related to the respiratory rate itself. It usually describes a positional dyspnea rather than a numerical measurement of breathing.

A. Fruity breath odor and increased respiratory rate. B. Hunger and hypertension C. Cold, clammy skin and irritability D. Sweating and tremors

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. DKA is characterized by the production of ketones, which can lead to a fruity or acetone-like odor on the breath. Additionally, the increased respiratory rate (Kussmaul breathing) occurs as the body attempts to compensate for metabolic acidosis by blowing off carbon dioxide.
B. While clients with diabetes may experience hunger, it is not a primary symptom of DKA. Hypotension (rather than hypertension) is more commonly observed due to dehydration and fluid loss associated with DKA.

C. Cold, clammy skin suggests the body is in a sympathetic state due to low blood sugar. While irritability can occur in various situations, it is not a hallmark sign of DKA.
D. Sweating and tremors are symptoms of low blood sugar levels and are not characteristic of DKA. In DKA, patients typically present with dry skin due to dehydration.

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The nurse is caring for an elderly female with osteoporosis. When teaching the client, the nurse should include information about which major complication?

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