The nurse is caring for a 74-year-old male client. The client has a family history of prostate cancer, is 50 pounds overweight and history of smoking tobacco X 60 years. Which of the following are modifiable risk factors for this client's health? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

A. One of the primary reasons for administering IV fluids is to correct imbalances in fluid volume or electrolyte concentrations. Examples include correcting dehydration, restoring electrolyte levels (such as sodium, potassium), and addressing fluid losses due to vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating.

B. IV fluids are typically used to increase intravascular volume rather than decrease it. In conditions such as hypovolemia (low blood volume), IV fluids are administered to restore blood volume and improve circulation.

C. Third spacing refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces, which can occur in conditions like sepsis, burns, or trauma. IV fluids are not typically administered to increase third spacing; rather, treatment aims to redistribute fluids and improve fluid balance.

D. Enteral fluids are fluids administered directly into the gastrointestinal tract (via oral or tube feeding). IV fluids are administered directly into the bloodstream and are used when enteral administration is not feasible or sufficient.

B. Expected outcomes are specific, measurable criteria used to determine goal achievement. These outcomes are set during the planning phase of the nursing process in collaboration with the client. During evaluation, the nurse compares the client's actual progress with these expected outcomes. This assessment helps determine whether the goals were met, partially met, or not met, which guides further nursing actions.

A. During the evaluation phase, the nurse assesses the effectiveness of these interventions in achieving the desired outcomes rather than the interventions themselves. The focus is on determining whether the interventions were appropriate, timely, and effective in meeting the client's goals.

C Definitions typically refer to the meaning or understanding of terms used in the nursing process, such as nursing diagnoses or medical conditions. They provide clarity and context to ensure accurate assessment, planning, and intervention. However, definitions themselves are not directly evaluated in the evaluation phase of the nursing process.

D. In the evaluation phase, the nurse assesses the client's response to interventions aimed at addressing these diagnoses. The focus is on determining the effectiveness of the care provided rather than evaluating the diagnoses themselves.