The nurse is developing a care plan for a 68-year-old African American male who was recently diagnosed with hypertension.
Which human dimension do age, race, gender, and genetic inheritance exemplify?

Choice A rationale:
Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and treatment of diseases or conditions to prevent complications or progression. It does not involve education about health promotion activities like exercise.
Examples of secondary prevention include:
Screening for cancer (e.g., mammograms, colonoscopies)
Regular blood pressure checks
Immunizations
Taking medications to manage chronic conditions (e.g., diabetes, hypertension)
Choice B rationale:
Restorative care aims to restore function and quality of life after an illness or injury. It does not encompass health education strategies like the nurse's action in this scenario.
Examples of restorative care include:
Physical therapy
Occupational therapy
Speech therapy
Rehabilitation programs
Choice C rationale:

Tertiary prevention focuses on managing existing diseases or conditions to prevent further complications and improve quality of life. It's not applicable to this scenario as no disease or condition is being managed.
Examples of tertiary prevention include:
Cardiac rehabilitation after a heart attack
Diabetes management education
Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic lung disease
Choice D rationale:
Primary prevention targets preventing diseases or conditions from occurring in the first place. It often involves education and lifestyle changes to promote health and wellness.
The nurse's action of educating adolescents about physical exercise aligns with primary prevention. Exercise has proven benefits in:
Reducing the risk of chronic diseases like obesity, heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer Improving mental health and well-being
Promoting bone and muscle health
Enhancing sleep quality
Reducing stress levels
Therefore, the nurse's activity of educating adolescents about exercise represents primary prevention.

Choice A rationale:
Total urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of all urine from the bladder. It is not synonymous with micturition, which is a controlled process of bladder emptying.
Incontinence can stem from various factors, including neurological disorders, muscle weakness, medication side effects, and structural abnormalities.
It's essential to distinguish between incontinence and micturition for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Choice B rationale:
Micturition, also known as urination or voiding, is the physiological process of emptying the urinary bladder. It involves a coordinated interplay between the nervous system, bladder muscles, and urethral sphincters. When the bladder fills with urine, stretch receptors signal the nervous system, prompting the urge to urinate. If conditions are appropriate, the nervous system initiates a series of events:
The detrusor muscle in the bladder wall contracts.

The internal urethral sphincter relaxes, opening the pathway for urine to flow.
The external urethral sphincter, under voluntary control, relaxes to allow urine to pass through the urethra and out of the body.
Choice C rationale:
The inability to completely empty the bladder is called urinary retention.
It can result from various causes, including obstruction (e.g., enlarged prostate, urethral stricture), neurological disorders, medications, and pelvic floor dysfunction.
Urinary retention differs from micturition, as it involves incomplete bladder emptying.
Choice D rationale:
Catheterization is the process of inserting a thin, flexible tube (catheter) into the bladder to drain urine.
It's a medical procedure performed for various reasons, such as urinary retention, bladder obstruction, or to collect urine samples.
Catheterization is not a natural process of micturition, but a medical intervention.