A man with urinary incontinence tells the registered nurse he wears adult incontinence briefs for protection. What potential risks should the registered nurse discuss with this client?

Choice A rationale:
Straight catheters are single-use catheters that are inserted into the bladder to drain urine and then immediately removed. They are not suitable for long-term use in clients with obstructed urethras because they would need to be inserted repeatedly, causing discomfort and potential trauma to the urethral tissues. Additionally, the obstruction itself would make it difficult or impossible to insert a straight catheter.
Choice B rationale:
Indwelling urethral catheters, also known as Foley catheters, are inserted into the bladder and remain in place for a period of time. They are typically used for clients who cannot void on their own or who require continuous bladder drainage. However, they are not the best option for clients with obstructed urethras for the following reasons:
The presence of the catheter within the urethra can further irritate or damage the already obstructed tissues. The balloon that holds the catheter in place could potentially worsen the obstruction.
The risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) is increased with indwelling catheters.
Choice C rationale:
Intermittent urethral catheters are inserted into the bladder to drain urine and then removed. They are typically used by clients who can self-catheterize several times a day. However, they are not suitable for clients with complete prostatic obstruction, as the obstruction would make it difficult or impossible to insert the catheter.
Choice D rationale:
Suprapubic catheters are inserted directly into the bladder through a small incision in the abdomen, bypassing the urethra entirely. This makes them the most suitable option for clients with obstructed urethras, as it eliminates the need to pass a catheter through the obstructed area. Suprapubic catheters offer several advantages in this situation:
They avoid further irritation or damage to the urethral tissues.
They provide a more comfortable and convenient option for long-term bladder drainage.
They may reduce the risk of UTIs compared to indwelling urethral catheters.

Choice A rationale:
Tertiary health promotion and illness prevention focus on managing existing health conditions and preventing complications. Administering a nebulized bronchodilator to a client who is short of breath directly addresses an existing respiratory problem, aiming to relieve symptoms and prevent further respiratory distress. This intervention falls under tertiary prevention because it targets a client already experiencing respiratory symptoms.
Key points:
Bronchodilators open constricted airways, easing airflow and breathing.
Nebulizers deliver medication directly to the lungs, providing rapid relief.
Shortness of breath is a common symptom of respiratory conditions like asthma and COPD.
Prompt treatment of respiratory symptoms can prevent worsening of the condition and potential complications.
Choice B rationale:
Teaching a client about the risks of light cigarettes is an example of primary prevention. It aims to prevent lung disease before it develops by educating individuals about the harms of smoking.
Choice C rationale:
Advocating for more explicit warning labels on cigarette packages is a form of secondary prevention. It targets at-risk populations (smokers) to encourage behavior change and reduce smoking rates, ultimately lowering the incidence of lung disease.
Choice D rationale:
Assisting with lung function testing is a diagnostic procedure, not a tertiary prevention intervention. It helps to identify respiratory problems but doesn't directly manage or prevent them.