The nurse is examining the posture of a male toddler and notes lordosis. What would be the appropriate reaction of the nurse to this finding?

B. Trust vs. mistrust: This is the first stage, occurring from birth to approximately 18 months of age, where infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers and the world based on

whether or not their basic needs—such as food, affection, and safety—are met.

E. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt: The second stage, from roughly 18 months to 3 years, is when toddlers begin to assert their independence. If caregivers encourage self-sufficient behavior, toddlers learn to be autonomous; if not, they may develop feelings of shame and doubt about their abilities.

C. Initiative vs. guilt: During the preschool years, from about 3 to 6 years, children begin to assert power and control over their world through directing play and other social interactions.

Successful completion of this stage leads to a sense of initiative, while failure results in feelings of guilt.

A. Industry vs. inferiority: Occurring from age 6 to puberty, this stage is characterized by the child's navigation of social demands and learning to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities. If this stage is managed well, the child will feel industrious; if not, they may feel inferior.

D. Identity vs. role confusion: The final stage in Erikson's model for adolescence, from puberty to young adulthood, involves developing a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to oneself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.

Correct Answer:C, A, D, B.

C. Inspection:The initial step in an abdominal assessment is to inspect the abdomen visually. This allows the nurse to observe for any abnormalities in skin color, shape, and

movement without causing discomfort or altering findings that could be affected by palpation or auscultation.

A. Auscultation:Following inspection, auscultation is performed before any palpation. This is because palpation can stimulate bowel sounds, which may alter the nurse's ability to accurately assess the bowel activity and vascular sounds.

D. Superficial palpation:After auscultation, superficial palpation is done to detect tenderness, distension, or superficial masses. It is gentle and less likely to cause discomfort or alter deeper structures.

B. Deep palpation: The final step is deep palpation, which is used to examine the organs and structures that are deeper within the abdominal cavity. It is performed last to prevent any potential discomfort or alteration in the patient's condition that could interfere with the earlier steps of the assessment.