The nurse is explaining Parkinson disease to the student nurse. Which statement indicates that the student nurse correctly understands the pathophysiology of the disease?
"Regardless of the actual etiology. Parkinson disease is caused by depletion of dopamine and excess of acetylcholine."
"When there is decreased dopamine uptake at receptors in brain cells, Parkinson disease results.
"The pathophysiology of the disease is caused by the deterioration of the myelin sheath of the basal ganglia."
"Excess dopamine and deficient acetylcholine are the cause of Parkinson disease
The Correct Answer is A
A. Parkinson disease is characterized by dopamine depletion in the substantia nigra of the brain, resulting in a relative excess of acetylcholine. This imbalance causes the motor symptoms associated with the disease.
B. This choice misrepresents the issue; the problem lies in dopamine production, not uptake.
C. Demyelination is associated with conditions like multiple sclerosis, not Parkinson disease.
D. Parkinson disease is associated with dopamine deficiency, not excess, and a relative excess of acetylcholine, not deficiency.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Delayed fine-motor development is not typically an early or defining feature of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD); gross motor delays are more characteristic.
B. In DMD, the calf muscles may appear enlarged (pseudohypertrophy)due to fat and connective tissue replacing muscle, not true atrophy in early stages.
C. Holding onto furniture is more characteristic of toddlers with normal or delayed gross motor development, not specific to DMD.
D. Frequent falls and clumsinessare hallmark early signsof DMD, reflecting progressive muscle weakness, especially in the pelvic and thigh muscles.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Muscle biopsies are not used to diagnose MS; they are more relevant in diagnosing muscle disorders, not central nervous system demyelination.
B. There are no definitive blood markers specific to MS; blood tests are mainly used to rule out other conditions.
C. A lumbar puncture may support a diagnosis by revealing oligoclonal bands or inflammatory markers, but it is not the primary determinant.
D. The diagnosis of MS is largely clinical, based on a combination of the patient’s history, reported symptoms (such as vision problems, weakness, and numbness), and neurological examination findings, often supported by MRI and other tests.
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