The nurse is involved in a health promotion program for teenagers related to the prevention of oral cancer. Which behaviors would the nurse explain as increasing the risk for oral cancer? Select all that apply.

Choice A reason: A sigmoid colostomy is typically located in the left lower abdomen. This statement accurately informs the client about the expected location of their stoma.
Choice B reason: A colostomy in the sigmoid colon produces formed stool. This area of the colon is responsible for the final stages of digestion where stool becomes more solid.
Choice C reason: The stoma should be pink to red and moist, indicating healthy tissue. A purple color may indicate compromised blood flow and requires immediate medical attention.
Choice D reason: The stoma itself is not typically painful after surgery, although the area around the surgical site may be tender. Pain management focuses on the overall surgical area rather than the stoma itself.

Choice A reason: A serum creatinine level of 6 mg/dL is significantly elevated and indicates impaired kidney function, which is a hallmark of acute kidney injury (AKI). Normal creatinine levels are typically around 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL for adults, so this level suggests severe kidney impairment.
Choice B reason: A serum potassium level of 4.5 mEq/L is within the normal range (3.5-5.0 mEq/L) and does not indicate acute kidney injury. Elevated potassium can be seen in AKI but is not the most specific indicator without other abnormal values.
Choice C reason: A hemoglobin level of 16 g/dL is within the normal range for adults (approximately 13.8 to 17.2 g/dL for men and 12.1 to 15.1 g/dL for women). It does not indicate acute kidney injury.
Choice D reason: A BUN level of 15 mg/dL is within the normal range (7-20 mg/dL) and does not indicate acute kidney injury on its own. Elevated BUN in conjunction with elevated creatinine would be more indicative of AKI.