The nurse is reviewing dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet (DASH) with a patient who had been diagnosed with hypertension. The nurse explains that the DASH diet includes which food options? Select All That Apply

A. Cereals: Cereals, especially whole grains like oats, barley, and brown rice, are rich in dietary fiber, which is beneficial for managing hypertension. Dietary fiber helps regulate blood cholesterol levels and promotes satiety, which can contribute to weight management. Whole grains also contain essential nutrients such as magnesium and potassium, which have been shown to have blood pressure-lowering effects. By including cereals in the diet, particularly whole grain varieties, patients can improve their cardiovascular health and lower their risk of hypertension-related complications.

B. Citrus fruits: Citrus fruits, such as oranges, grapefruits, and lemons, are excellent sources of vitamins and minerals, including vitamin C, potassium, and fiber. Potassium is a crucial nutrient for regulating blood pressure as it helps balance sodium levels in the body. Additionally, the antioxidants found in citrus fruits may help reduce inflammation and improve blood vessel function, further supporting cardiovascular health. Including citrus fruits in the diet can provide patients with essential nutrients while contributing to lower blood pressure levels and overall heart health.

C. Pork: Pork is not typically recommended in the DASH diet due to its high saturated fat and sodium content. Diets high in saturated fat have been associated with increased cholesterol levels and a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, including hypertension. Additionally, processed pork products such as bacon and sausage often contain added sodium, which can contribute to fluid retention and elevated blood pressure. Therefore, it is advisable for patients with hypertension to limit their intake of pork and opt for leaner protein sources such as poultry, fish, beans, and legumes.

D. Whole milk: Whole milk is high in saturated fat, which is not recommended in the DASH diet for individuals with hypertension. Saturated fat can raise LDL (bad) cholesterol levels, increasing the risk of plaque buildup in the arteries and hypertension-related complications such as heart disease and stroke. To promote heart health and lower blood pressure, patients are encouraged to choose low-fat or skim milk options, which provide essential nutrients like calcium and vitamin D without the added saturated fat content.

E. Almonds: Almonds are a nutrient-dense food that can be beneficial for individuals with hypertension. They are rich in unsaturated fats, particularly monounsaturated fats, which have been associated with improved heart health and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Almonds also contain magnesium, potassium, and fiber, all of which play important roles in regulating blood pressure. Magnesium helps relax blood vessels, potassium helps counteract the effects of sodium, and fiber promotes satiety and digestive health. Including almonds in the diet as a source of healthy fats and nutrients can contribute to lower blood pressure and overall cardiovascular wellness.

A. Superficial ulcers in the calves: Chronic venous insufficiency can lead to poor circulation in the lower legs, causing tissue damage and the development of superficial ulcers, typically located around the ankles or calves.

B. Dilatation of superficial veins: One of the hallmark signs of chronic venous insufficiency is the visible dilatation (enlargement) of superficial veins, often seen as varicose veins, due to the impaired return of blood to the heart.

C. Shiny skin: Chronic venous insufficiency can cause changes in the skin texture, including thinning and a shiny appearance. This occurs due to chronic edema and impaired circulation in the affected area.

D. Blackened toes: Blackened toes are not typically associated with chronic venous insufficiency. This symptom is more commonly seen in conditions such as peripheral artery disease (PAD) or severe ischemia.

E. Dependent rubor: Dependent rubor, characterized by reddish-blue discoloration of the lower extremities when in a dependent position (e.g., hanging off the bed), can occur in chronic venous insufficiency due to impaired venous return and pooling of blood in the lower extremities.