The nurse is reviewing the laboratory findings of a patient to assess the patient's nutritional status.
The nurse understands the laboratory finding that is the best indicator of inadequate protein intake is a:
High blood urea nitrogen.
Low specific gravity.
Low serum albumin.
High hemoglobin.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A rationale
High blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels primarily indicate impaired kidney function or dehydration, as urea is a waste product of protein metabolism filtered by the kidneys. While severe protein catabolism can elevate BUN, it is not the most direct or sensitive indicator of inadequate protein intake. Normal BUN ranges typically fall between 7 to 20 mg/dL.
Choice B rationale
Low specific gravity of urine suggests that the kidneys are excreting dilute urine, which can be caused by various factors such as excessive fluid intake, diabetes insipidus, or kidney dysfunction. It is not a reliable indicator of protein nutritional status. Normal urine specific gravity ranges from 1.005 to 1.030.
Choice C rationale
Serum albumin is a protein synthesized by the liver and is a key indicator of long-term protein status. Inadequate protein intake leads to decreased albumin synthesis, resulting in low serum albumin levels. Albumin has a relatively long half-life (around 20 days), making it a reflection of chronic protein deficiency. Normal serum albumin levels typically range from 3.5 to 5.0 g/dL.
Choice D rationale
Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport. While severe protein deficiency can eventually affect hemoglobin levels due to the protein component, it is not the most direct or immediate indicator of inadequate protein intake. Other factors like iron deficiency are more commonly associated with low hemoglobin. Normal hemoglobin ranges for adults are typically 13.5 to 17.5 g/dL for males and 12.0 to 15.5 g/dL for females.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale
An older adult client without family support who is uncertain about a significant life change like moving to assisted living is particularly vulnerable. The nurse advocate can help this client understand their options, express their concerns, and ensure their wishes are considered, as they may lack the resources or confidence to navigate this process independently, making advocacy crucial for their well-being and autonomy.
Choice B rationale
A client who makes an informed decision to refuse chemotherapy is exercising their autonomy. While the nurse supports this decision, the client is already empowered and making their own choices based on understanding, thus requiring less direct advocacy in the sense of ensuring their voice is heard or their rights are upheld against potential opposition.
Choice C rationale
A client undergoing a repeat procedure is likely familiar with the process and has presumably consented previously. While the nurse ensures they are still informed and comfortable, the need for strong advocacy to ensure their wishes are respected against external pressures is less pronounced compared to a vulnerable client facing a new and uncertain situation.
Choice D rationale
A client who chooses alternative treatments after being educated on conventional options is also exercising their autonomy based on their values and understanding. The nurse's role is to ensure this decision is informed, but the client is already acting as their own advocate by making a conscious choice, reducing the immediate need for external advocacy.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The adrenal glands primarily produce hormones that regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, stress response, and other essential functions. While these hormones are crucial for overall bodily function and indirectly influence alertness and arousal, they are not the primary neurological structures responsible for maintaining a conscious and aroused state.
Choice B rationale
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a hormonal system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. While changes in blood pressure and fluid balance can affect overall well-being and indirectly influence alertness, the RAAS is not the neurological center responsible for a person's state of arousal.
Choice C rationale
Cranial nerves are a set of twelve paired nerves that emerge directly from the brain. They are responsible for a wide range of sensory and motor functions, including vision, hearing, taste, smell, facial movements, and swallowing. While some cranial nerves contribute to sensory input that can influence alertness, they are not the central structure responsible for maintaining arousal itself.
Choice D rationale
The reticular activating system (RAS) is a network of neurons located in the brainstem that plays a crucial role in regulating wakefulness, alertness, and the sleep-wake cycle. It filters incoming sensory information and relays important signals to the cerebral cortex, maintaining a state of arousal and consciousness. Damage to the RAS, such as that which can occur following a stroke, can lead to altered levels of consciousness. .
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