Type 1 diabetes mellitus is suspected in a child. Which clinical manifestation may be present?
Weight loss despite increased eating
Pale, moist skin
Weight gain and fluid overload
Poor sleep with frequent awakening
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A reason:
Weight loss despite increased eating is a classic symptom of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children. This occurs because the body is unable to use glucose for energy due to a lack of insulin. As a result, the body starts breaking down fat and muscle for energy, leading to weight loss even though the child may have an increased appetite.
Choice B Reason:
Pale, moist skin is not typically associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus. This symptom is more commonly related to conditions such as anemia or infections. In type 1 diabetes, the skin may actually appear dry due to dehydration caused by high blood sugar levels.
Choice C Reason:
Weight gain and fluid overload are not characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus. In fact, children with type 1 diabetes often experience weight loss. Fluid overload is more commonly seen in conditions such as heart failure or kidney disease.
Choice D Reason:
Poor sleep with frequent awakening is not a specific symptom of type 1 diabetes mellitus. While children with diabetes may experience nocturia (frequent urination at night) due to high blood sugar levels, this is not the primary clinical manifestation. The main symptoms are related to hyperglycemia and the body’s inability to use glucose for energy.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason:
Cardiac arrhythmia is a primary clinical manifestation of hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia, defined as an elevated level of potassium in the blood, can significantly affect the electrical activity of the heart. This can lead to various types of arrhythmias, including bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia, and even cardiac arrest1. The presence of arrhythmias is a critical indicator of hyperkalemia and requires immediate medical attention to prevent life-threatening complications.
Choice B reason:
Seizures are not typically associated with hyperkalemia2. While severe electrolyte imbalances can potentially lead to neurological symptoms, seizures are more commonly linked to conditions such as hyponatremia (low sodium levels) or hypocalcemia (low calcium levels). Therefore, seizures are not a primary sign of hyperkalemia.
Choice C reason:
Dyspnea, or difficulty breathing, can occur in various medical conditions, including heart failure and respiratory disorders. While hyperkalemia can lead to muscle weakness and fatigue, which might indirectly affect breathing, dyspnea is not a primary clinical manifestation of hyperkalemia. The main concern with hyperkalemia is its effect on cardiac function.
Choice D reason:
Oliguria, or reduced urine output, is a symptom of acute renal failure but not specifically indicative of hyperkalemia. While acute renal failure can lead to hyperkalemia due to the kidneys’ inability to excrete potassium, oliguria itself is not a direct sign of hyperkalemia. The focus should be on the cardiac effects of elevated potassium levels
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason:
Extra insulin is not typically required during exercise for children with type 1 diabetes. In fact, exercise can lower blood glucose levels, and administering extra insulin could increase the risk of hypoglycemia. It is important to monitor blood glucose levels before, during, and after exercise to adjust insulin doses as needed, but extra insulin is generally not necessary.
Choice B reason:
Exercise usually lowers blood glucose levels rather than increasing them1. Physical activity helps the body use glucose more efficiently, which can lead to a decrease in blood glucose levels. However, it is important to monitor blood glucose levels closely, as some high-intensity exercises can cause temporary increases in blood glucose due to the release of stress hormones.
Choice C reason:
Extra snacks are needed before exercise to prevent hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes. Consuming a carbohydrate snack before physical activity helps maintain stable blood glucose levels during exercise. The amount of carbohydrates needed can vary based on the intensity and duration of the exercise, so it is important to monitor blood glucose levels and adjust snack intake accordingly.
Choice D reason:
Exercise should not be restricted for children with type 1 diabetes. Regular physical activity is important for overall health and can help improve insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular health, and overall well-being. With proper planning and monitoring, children with type 1 diabetes can safely participate in a wide range of physical activities.
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