Type 1 diabetes mellitus is suspected in a child. Which clinical manifestation may be present?

The correct answer is b. Preadolescent growth spurt

Choice A reason:

Idiopathic scoliosis is not typically noticeable when a toddler begins to walk. At this stage, the spine is still developing, and any curvature is usually not significant enough to be detected. Idiopathic scoliosis most commonly becomes noticeable during periods of rapid growth, which occur later in childhood.

Choice B Reason:

The preadolescent growth spurt is the period when idiopathic scoliosis becomes most noticeable. This is because the rapid growth during this time can exacerbate the curvature of the spine. Idiopathic scoliosis often becomes apparent between the ages of 10 and 18 years, when children experience significant growth spurts.

Choice C Reason:

Late adolescence is not the period when idiopathic scoliosis becomes most noticeable. By this time, most children have completed their major growth spurts, and any scoliosis would likely have been detected earlier. The condition is typically identified during the preadolescent growth spurt.

Choice D Reason:

The newborn period is not associated with the development of idiopathic scoliosis. While congenital scoliosis can be present at birth, idiopathic scoliosis develops later in childhood, particularly during periods of rapid growth.

Choice A reason:

Bacteriuria, or the presence of bacteria in the urine, is not a primary clinical manifestation of acute renal failure. While facial edema can occur due to fluid retention, bacteriuria is more commonly associated with urinary tract infections. Acute renal failure primarily affects the kidneys’ ability to filter waste and regulate fluid and electrolytes, leading to symptoms such as oliguria and hypertension.

Choice B reason:

Hematuria, or blood in the urine, can be a symptom of various kidney conditions, but it is not a primary manifestation of acute renal failure1. Pallor, or paleness, can occur due to anemia, which may be a secondary complication of chronic kidney disease rather than acute renal failure. The primary symptoms of acute renal failure are related to the sudden decline in kidney function, such as oliguria and hypertension.

Choice C reason:

Proteinuria, or the presence of excess protein in the urine, is more commonly associated with chronic kidney disease or nephrotic syndrome rather than acute renal failure. Muscle cramps can occur due to electrolyte imbalances, but they are not primary manifestations of acute renal failure. The primary symptoms of acute renal failure include oliguria and hypertension.

Choice D reason:

Oliguria, or reduced urine output, and hypertension, or high blood pressure, are primary clinical manifestations of acute renal failure. Acute renal failure results in a sudden decline in kidney function, leading to the retention of waste products and fluids, which can cause oliguria and hypertension. These symptoms are key indicators of acute renal failure and require prompt medical attention.