What cardiac pathologic condition contributes to ventricular remodeling?
Myocardial ischemia
Right ventricular failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Contractile dysfunction
The Correct Answer is A
A. Myocardial ischemia: Myocardial ischemia contributes to ventricular remodeling by causing damage to the heart muscle, leading to changes in the size, shape, and function of the ventricles. The process involves cellular and molecular alterations in response to ischemic injury, ultimately resulting in adverse remodeling that can exacerbate heart failure.
B. Right ventricular failure: Right ventricular failure may occur as a consequence of other cardiac conditions but is not a direct contributor to ventricular remodeling. Instead, it is often a result of left-sided heart failure or pulmonary hypertension, making it secondary to the primary pathologic changes.
C. Left ventricular hypertrophy: Left ventricular hypertrophy can occur as a response to chronic pressure overload (such as hypertension) but is a result of ventricular remodeling rather than a direct contributor to the remodeling process itself. It may indicate underlying issues rather than cause them.
D. Contractile dysfunction: Contractile dysfunction reflects impaired heart muscle contraction but does not directly cause ventricular remodeling. While it can be a consequence of remodeling due to conditions like ischemia or heart failure, it does not initiate the remodeling process itself.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Deep vein thrombosis: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) typically presents with swelling, pain, and tenderness in a specific area of the leg. It does not specifically cause pain that resolves with rest after walking, making it less likely in Mr. Jones's case.
B. Valvular regurgitation: Valvular regurgitation refers to the backward flow of blood due to improper closure of heart valves. This condition primarily affects cardiac function and is not associated with pain in the legs that resolves with rest, which does not correlate with Mr. Jones's symptoms.
C. Varicose veins: Varicose veins can cause discomfort, swelling, and aching in the legs but are not typically characterized by pain that is specifically triggered by walking and resolves with rest. The symptoms of varicose veins usually occur with prolonged standing or sitting rather than exertion.
D. Intermittent claudication: Intermittent claudication is a common symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD), characterized by muscle pain or cramping in the legs during physical activity, such as walking, that resolves with rest. Mr. Jones's description of pain that occurs while walking and subsides upon stopping aligns with this condition, making it the most appropriate explanation for his symptoms.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Cardiac failure: While cardiac failure can lead to changes in heart function, it does not directly cause an acquired murmur. Murmurs are typically due to valvular or structural abnormalities rather than being a direct consequence of heart failure.
B. Coronary artery disease (CAD): CAD can lead to ischemic heart disease and may contribute to heart failure but is not typically associated with the development of an acquired murmur. It does not directly create new murmurs; rather, it can exacerbate existing heart conditions.
C. Congenital malformation: Congenital malformations are structural heart defects present at birth and are classified as congenital causes of murmurs rather than acquired. These murmurs result from anatomical abnormalities rather than changes occurring after birth.
D. Rheumatic fever: Rheumatic fever is an acquired condition that can cause damage to the heart valves, leading to the development of valvular insufficiency or stenosis. These changes can produce an acquired murmur as a result of the inflammation and scarring of the heart valves following the infection.
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