What causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?
Muscle contraction of upper airways
Partial pressure gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide
Pressure gradient between atmosphere and alveoli
Concentration gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide
The Correct Answer is C
A. Muscle contraction of upper airways: Upper airway muscle movement does not create the main pressure change driving inspiration
B. Partial pressure gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide: Partial pressure gradients drive gas diffusion across membranes, not bulk airflow into lungs
C. Pressure gradient between atmosphere and alveoli: Contraction of the diaphragm/intercostals lowers intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow in
D. Concentration gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide: Concentration gradients drive diffusion at the alveolar–capillary level, not the gross movement of air into the lungs
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. The presence of antibodies triggers the production of antigens: antibodies are produced in response to antigens, not the other way around.
B. Antibodies can be foreign cells, proteins, or other large molecules. Antigens are large proteins made by B cells: this reverses definitions: antigens are foreign molecules/cells that stimulate immune response; antibodies are proteins produced (by B cells) that bind antigens.
C. Antigens function to destroy or neutralize antibodies: antigens elicit antibody production; they do not act to destroy antibodies.
D. The presence of an antigen triggers the production of antibodies: antigens (foreign proteins, polysaccharides, cells) stimulate B cells to differentiate into plasma cells that produce specific antibodies.
Correct Answer is {"dropdown-group-1":"B"}
Explanation
A. Microvilli: Microvilli increase surface area for absorption (common in intestines), not the hallmark of respiratory epithelium
B. Cilia: Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar) is equipped with cilia on its free surface to move mucus and trapped particles
C. Keratin: Keratinization occurs in skin epithelium (protective), not in the typical respiratory lining
D. Desmosomes: Desmosomes are cell junctions found in many epithelia but the question asks about free-surface specializations; cilia are the functional free-surface structures in respiratory epithelium
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