What causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?
Muscle contraction of upper airways
Partial pressure gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide
Pressure gradient between atmosphere and alveoli
Concentration gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide
The Correct Answer is C
A. Muscle contraction of upper airways: Upper airway muscle movement does not create the main pressure change driving inspiration
B. Partial pressure gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide: Partial pressure gradients drive gas diffusion across membranes, not bulk airflow into lungs
C. Pressure gradient between atmosphere and alveoli: Contraction of the diaphragm/intercostals lowers intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow in
D. Concentration gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide: Concentration gradients drive diffusion at the alveolar–capillary level, not the gross movement of air into the lungs
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Inflammation: inflammation causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability so immune cells and plasma components reach the injured/infected tissue.
B. Activation of NK cells: NK cell activation is an innate cytotoxic response against infected or malignant cells but does not itself describe the vascular changes listed.
C. Complement activation: complement promotes opsonization, chemotaxis, and membrane attack, but the described vasodilation/permeability hallmark is inflammation.
D. Activation of mononuclear phagocytic system: activation of macrophages/monocytes contributes to defense and cleanup, but the vascular response described is specifically the inflammatory process.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. IgD: IgD is mainly a B-cell receptor on naïve B cells and is not the dominant secretory antibody in mucosal secretions or breast milk.
B. IgA: Secretory IgA is abundant in breast milk (colostrum) and mucosal secretions (tears, saliva, nasal fluid) and helps protect infants’ mucosal surfaces from pathogens.
C. IgE: IgE is involved in allergy and parasitic defense and is not the primary protective antibody in breast milk or mucosal secretions.
D. IgM: IgM is the first antibody produced in primary responses and is mainly intravascular; it is not the dominant secretory antibody passed in milk.
Whether you are a student looking to ace your exams or a practicing nurse seeking to enhance your expertise , our nursing education contents will empower you with the confidence and competence to make a difference in the lives of patients and become a respected leader in the healthcare field.
Visit Naxlex, invest in your future and unlock endless possibilities with our unparalleled nursing education contents today
Report Wrong Answer on the Current Question
Do you disagree with the answer? If yes, what is your expected answer? Explain.
Kindly be descriptive with the issue you are facing.