What is the most common bacteria that causes osteomyelitis?
Staphylococcus aureus.
Haemophilus influenzae.
Escherichia coli.
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale
Staphylococcus aureus is the most prevalent bacterial pathogen responsible for osteomyelitis, a bone infection. This bacterium possesses virulence factors such as adhesins, which enable it to adhere to bone tissue, and various toxins that contribute to tissue damage and inflammation. It can enter the bone through direct inoculation, contiguous spread, or hematogenous dissemination.
Choice B rationale
Haemophilus influenzae can cause invasive infections, including meningitis and epiglottitis, particularly in unvaccinated children. While it can cause localized infections, it is not a common cause of osteomyelitis. Its primary colonization sites and mechanisms of infection are generally distinct from those leading to bone infections.
Choice C rationale
Escherichia coli is a common inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract and a frequent cause of urinary tract infections and sepsis, particularly in neonates. While it can cause osteomyelitis, especially in specific populations such as neonates or individuals with compromised immune systems, it is significantly less common than Staphylococcus aureus as an overall cause.
Choice D rationale
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, and meningitis. While it can cause invasive infections and has been implicated in rare cases of osteomyelitis, it does not possess the same propensity for bone tissue colonization as Staphylococcus aureus, making it a much less common etiologic agent for bone infections.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D"]
Explanation
Choice A rationale
A personal or family history of breast cancer is a significant contraindication for hormonal contraceptive use due to the potential for exogenous hormones to stimulate hormone-sensitive cancers. Estrogen and progesterone can influence the growth of certain breast cancer types, making a thorough assessment of this history critical before prescribing hormonal contraception.
Choice B rationale
Numerous medications can interact with hormonal contraceptives, affecting their efficacy or increasing adverse effects. For instance, certain anticonvulsants, antibiotics, and antiretrovirals can accelerate the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives, reducing their effectiveness and increasing the risk of unintended pregnancy. Therefore, a comprehensive medication history is essential.
Choice C rationale
Smoking, especially in women over 35 years old, significantly increases the risk of serious cardiovascular adverse events such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and thromboembolism when combined with hormonal contraceptive use. Nicotine constricts blood vessels and promotes hypercoagulability, which is exacerbated by exogenous hormones.
Choice D rationale
Hypertension is a contraindication for many hormonal contraceptives, particularly those containing estrogen, as they can exacerbate elevated blood pressure and increase the risk of cardiovascular events. Hormonal contraceptives can affect the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to fluid retention and increased vascular tone, thus worsening hypertension.
Choice E rationale
While excessive alcohol consumption can have various health consequences, it is not a direct contraindication to hormonal contraceptive use itself. It may, however, indirectly affect adherence to medication regimens or exacerbate other health issues. The primary concern with alcohol would be if it leads to liver impairment, which could affect hormone metabolism.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Performing a fasciotomy is a surgical procedure, not an initial nursing intervention. While it may be necessary to relieve compartment syndrome, it is outside the scope of nursing practice and is typically performed by a physician. The nurse's role is to identify the signs and symptoms and escalate to the medical team for this definitive treatment.
Choice B rationale
Loosening the cast dressings or bandages directly addresses the potential cause of compartment syndrome by reducing external compression. This action aims to improve blood flow and nerve function by alleviating pressure on the neurovascular structures within the confined space. This can prevent further tissue ischemia and damage.
Choice C rationale
Elevating the affected limb above heart level can paradoxically worsen compartment syndrome. Elevation decreases arterial perfusion pressure, further compromising blood flow to the already ischemic tissues within the rigid fascial compartment. This can exacerbate tissue hypoxia and cellular damage, increasing the risk of irreversible injury.
Choice D rationale
Applying ice to the affected area causes vasoconstriction, which would further reduce blood flow to the compromised tissues within the compartment. This decrease in perfusion would exacerbate ischemia and hypoxia, potentially worsening tissue damage and accelerating the progression of compartment syndrome. Therefore, ice application is contraindicated.
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