What is the most common bacteria that causes osteomyelitis?
Staphylococcus aureus.
Haemophilus influenzae.
Escherichia coli.
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale
Staphylococcus aureus is the most prevalent bacterial pathogen responsible for osteomyelitis, a bone infection. This bacterium possesses virulence factors such as adhesins, which enable it to adhere to bone tissue, and various toxins that contribute to tissue damage and inflammation. It can enter the bone through direct inoculation, contiguous spread, or hematogenous dissemination.
Choice B rationale
Haemophilus influenzae can cause invasive infections, including meningitis and epiglottitis, particularly in unvaccinated children. While it can cause localized infections, it is not a common cause of osteomyelitis. Its primary colonization sites and mechanisms of infection are generally distinct from those leading to bone infections.
Choice C rationale
Escherichia coli is a common inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract and a frequent cause of urinary tract infections and sepsis, particularly in neonates. While it can cause osteomyelitis, especially in specific populations such as neonates or individuals with compromised immune systems, it is significantly less common than Staphylococcus aureus as an overall cause.
Choice D rationale
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, and meningitis. While it can cause invasive infections and has been implicated in rare cases of osteomyelitis, it does not possess the same propensity for bone tissue colonization as Staphylococcus aureus, making it a much less common etiologic agent for bone infections.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive genetic disorder characterized by muscle degeneration and weakness. Individuals with DMD experience significant muscle weakness, particularly in the lower limbs, leading to an increased risk of falls due to impaired balance and gait instability. Decreased muscle strength directly compromises postural control.
Choice B rationale
Rapid cognitive development is not a typical characteristic of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. While DMD primarily affects skeletal muscles, some individuals may experience cognitive impairments, ranging from mild learning difficulties to more significant intellectual disabilities. The disease is linked to dystrophin deficiency in brain tissue, which can impact neurological function.
Choice C rationale
Increased muscle strength is antithetical to the pathology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The hallmark of DMD is progressive muscle weakness caused by the absence or malfunction of dystrophin, a protein vital for maintaining muscle fiber integrity. This leads to chronic muscle damage, inflammation, and eventual replacement of muscle tissue with fat and fibrous tissue.
Choice D rationale
Wheelchair dependence is a common and almost inevitable outcome for individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Due to the progressive muscle weakness affecting ambulation, most individuals with DMD lose the ability to walk independently between ages 7 and 13, necessitating the use of a wheelchair for mobility as the disease progresses and leg muscles deteriorate.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale
This interpretation incorrectly assigns the meaning of the numbers. In obstetric documentation, the first number represents dilation, the second effacement, and the third fetal station. Therefore, 3 cm for effacement and 30% for dilation is an inaccurate interpretation of standard labor documentation.
Choice B rationale
This is the correct interpretation. In standard obstetric documentation of a vaginal examination, the first number (3 cm) refers to cervical dilation, indicating the opening of the cervix. The second number (30%) refers to effacement, the thinning of the cervix. The third number (-1) indicates the fetal station, meaning the presenting part is 1 cm above the ischial spines.
Choice C rationale
This interpretation incorrectly assigns the meaning of the numbers for dilation and effacement. Additionally, a fetal station of -1 signifies the presenting part is 1 cm *above* the ischial spines, not below. This demonstrates a misunderstanding of both effacement/dilation order and station definition.
Choice D rationale
This interpretation misinterprets the fetal station. A station of -1 means the presenting part is 1 cm *above* the ischial spines, not below. This error in understanding fetal station is critical for assessing labor progression and fetal descent.
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