What is the most common bacteria that causes osteomyelitis?
Staphylococcus aureus.
Haemophilus influenzae.
Escherichia coli.
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale
Staphylococcus aureus is the most prevalent bacterial pathogen responsible for osteomyelitis, a bone infection. This bacterium possesses virulence factors such as adhesins, which enable it to adhere to bone tissue, and various toxins that contribute to tissue damage and inflammation. It can enter the bone through direct inoculation, contiguous spread, or hematogenous dissemination.
Choice B rationale
Haemophilus influenzae can cause invasive infections, including meningitis and epiglottitis, particularly in unvaccinated children. While it can cause localized infections, it is not a common cause of osteomyelitis. Its primary colonization sites and mechanisms of infection are generally distinct from those leading to bone infections.
Choice C rationale
Escherichia coli is a common inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract and a frequent cause of urinary tract infections and sepsis, particularly in neonates. While it can cause osteomyelitis, especially in specific populations such as neonates or individuals with compromised immune systems, it is significantly less common than Staphylococcus aureus as an overall cause.
Choice D rationale
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, and meningitis. While it can cause invasive infections and has been implicated in rare cases of osteomyelitis, it does not possess the same propensity for bone tissue colonization as Staphylococcus aureus, making it a much less common etiologic agent for bone infections.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The passageway refers to the birth canal, including the pelvis and soft tissues. While an adequate passageway is essential for labor progression, the client's current cervical dilation (7 cm) and effacement (80%) indicate that the passageway is accommodating fetal descent, and there is no direct evidence from the scenario suggesting an issue with this factor.
Choice B rationale
The passenger refers to the fetus, including its size, presentation, lie, and attitude. There is no information in the scenario to suggest any concerns with the fetus itself, such as malpresentation or distress. The focus of the client's statement is on their emotional state rather than a physical aspect of the baby.
Choice C rationale
Psyche refers to the client's psychological and emotional state during labor. The client's statement "I am really afraid of giving birth" and subsequent crying directly indicate significant fear and anxiety. This emotional distress can negatively impact labor progression by increasing catecholamine release, potentially hindering uterine contractions and increasing pain perception, thus requiring immediate attention.
Choice D rationale
Powers refer to the uterine contractions (primary power) and the mother's pushing efforts (secondary power). While effective powers are crucial for labor progression, the scenario does not provide information to suggest that the client's contractions are inadequate or that there's an issue with her ability to push. The immediate concern presented is her emotional state.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
A possible sign of pregnancy typically refers to a cluster of symptoms or physical changes that *could* suggest pregnancy but are not definitive, such as missed menses or breast tenderness. Feeling fetal movement is more specific and falls into a more advanced category of signs.
Choice B rationale
A presumptive sign of pregnancy refers to subjective changes experienced by the woman that suggest pregnancy but could be caused by other conditions. Examples include nausea, fatigue, and amenorrhea. While fetal movement *could* be subjective, a woman feeling it is generally considered a strong indicator.
Choice C rationale
A probable sign of pregnancy refers to objective signs noted by an examiner that strongly suggest pregnancy but are still not definitive. Examples include a positive pregnancy test (detects hCG, which can be elevated in other conditions), Hegar's sign (softening of the lower uterine segment), and Chadwick's sign (bluish discoloration of the cervix).
Choice D rationale
A positive sign of pregnancy refers to objective evidence that can only be attributed to the presence of a fetus. Feeling the baby move, known as quickening when felt by the mother, is a strong indicator. However, *actual* positive signs include fetal heart tones detected by an examiner, visualization of the fetus by ultrasound, or palpation of fetal parts by an examiner. The mother feeling movement is considered a positive sign because it's highly specific to fetal presence.
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