What is the most common cause of a urinary tract infection?

Escherichia coli

Staphylococcus aureus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Choice A reason: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs), accounting for 70-90% of cases. This gram-negative bacillus, found in the gastrointestinal tract, ascends the urethra to the bladder, adhering to uroepithelial cells via fimbriae. Its prevalence in fecal flora and ability to colonize the urinary tract make it the primary pathogen.

Choice B reason: Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive coccus that can cause UTIs, particularly in catheterized or hospitalized patients, but it accounts for less than 5% of cases. It is more commonly associated with skin or bloodstream infections. Its lower prevalence in UTIs compared to E. coli makes it a less likely cause.

Choice C reason: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative bacillus, is an opportunistic pathogen causing UTIs primarily in immunocompromised or catheterized patients. It accounts for less than 10% of UTIs. Its resistance to antibiotics and preference for nosocomial settings make it less common than E. coli in community-acquired infections.

Choice D reason: Klebsiella pneumoniae, another gram-negative bacillus, causes about 5-10% of UTIs, often in hospitalized or immunocompromised patients. While it can adhere to urinary epithelium, its prevalence is significantly lower than E. coli, which dominates due to its ubiquitous presence in the gut and urogenital proximity.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: Avoiding pain medication may increase discomfort, reducing mobility and increasing complications like atelectasis. Opioids can cause constipation, but this is managed with stool softeners, not avoidance. This statement is inaccurate, as pain control is essential for recovery and does not directly support wound healing.

Choice B reason: Excessive rest increases risks like venous thromboembolism or pneumonia, especially in obese patients. Early ambulation promotes circulation and wound healing without straining incisions if done cautiously. This statement is inaccurate, as limiting movement excessively hinders recovery and increases postoperative complications.

Choice C reason: Returning to normal activity too soon risks incision dehiscence or infection, particularly in obese patients with higher wound complication rates. Gradual activity increase under medical guidance is needed. This statement is inaccurate, as premature activity resumption can compromise healing and safety post-surgery.

Choice D reason: Adequate nutrition, especially high-protein intake, supports collagen synthesis and tissue repair, critical for wound healing. Obesity increases metabolic demand, and protein prevents malnutrition, enhancing immune response and incision strength. This statement is accurate, as nutrition is a priority to optimize postoperative recovery and prevent complications.

A. The bone will be more ‘normal’ when there is inflammation and hematoma surrounding the fracture site B. The bone will be more ‘normal’ when callus formation occurs C. The bone will be more like ‘normal’ when bone-forming cells absorb the callus into woven bone D. The bone will be more normal when there is a proliferation of osteoclasts at the site

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: Inflammation and hematoma formation occur immediately after a fracture, initiating healing by recruiting immune cells and growth factors. However, this stage does not restore ‘normal’ bone structure, as it involves soft tissue response, not bone remodeling. This statement is inaccurate, as the bone remains structurally abnormal during this early phase.

Choice B reason: Callus formation, occurring 2-6 weeks post-fracture, involves soft and hard callus bridging the fracture. While critical, it represents a temporary, weaker structure, not ‘normal’ bone. Osteoblasts form a cartilaginous matrix, but full strength and normal bone architecture require further remodeling, making this statement less accurate.

Choice C reason: Woven bone formation, where osteoblasts convert callus into disorganized woven bone, marks progression toward normal bone structure. This bone is later remodeled by osteoclasts and osteoblasts into lamellar bone, restoring strength and architecture. This statement is accurate, as woven bone formation approaches ‘normal’ bone structure during healing.

Choice D reason: Osteoclast proliferation resorbs bone during remodeling but does not directly restore ‘normal’ bone. Excessive osteoclast activity could weaken the bone. Osteoblasts, not osteoclasts, drive the formation of woven and lamellar bone, making this statement inaccurate, as osteoclasts support remodeling, not normalization, of bone structure.

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What is the most common cause of a urinary tract infection?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is preparing to discharge an obese client after abdominal surgery. Which instruction should the nurse prioritize to promote wound healing and prevent complications?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A client is viewing X-rays of a healing bone fracture and asks the nurse if the bone will ever be ‘normal’ again. Based on the nurse’s knowledge of bone healing, what is the best response?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

The client has been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus and has been prescribed Humulin R insulin. The patient will take the dose at 0900. When should the client be sure to have a snack or meal?

The client’s blood sugar this morning is 50 mg/dL. The client states they are cold, sweating, and clammy. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate?

What is the physiologic mechanism behind the development of pyrexia?

The nurse is caring for a client who reports periods of exacerbations and remissions of bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. A recent X-ray indicated a continuous pattern of lesions in the large bowel. What underlying condition does the nurse suspect?

The illustration shows various types of fracture. Select the one that depicts a greenstick fracture.

The nurse is caring for a client who reports taking methotrexate, a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) for rheumatoid arthritis. What finding, if experienced by the client, would the nurse suspect is a complication of the medication?

The health care provider recommends daily fiber supplements for an elderly client who is experiencing frequent constipation. What statement is important for the nurse to include when educating a client about these supplements?

A client with chronic kidney disease has a low red blood cell count. What is the best response by the nurse?