What is the name of the curvature of the thoracic spine that causes a bent over appearance in some older adults?

A. Inability to advance past the present stage

Erikson’s stages are developmental tasks for specific age groups. Older adults do not move to a "next" stage after ego integrity, so this is not applicable.

B. Needs to repeat a previous stage

Erikson doesn’t propose repeating previous stages, but unresolved conflicts from earlier stages may affect current development.

C. Experiences despair

If older adults look back with regret or a sense of failure, they may experience despair, the opposite of ego integrity.

D. Experiences disappointment

While disappointment may be present, despair is the psychosocial conflict Erikson specifically described when ego integrity is not achieved.

A. Cardiovascular system

This system undergoes significant changes with aging, such as decreased cardiac output and arterial stiffness.

B. Respiratory system

Experiences notable changes like reduced lung elasticity and vital capacity.

C. Central nervous system

Although neuron loss and slowed synaptic transmission occur, the CNS shows only a slight functional decline unless compounded by disease.

D. Renal system

The kidneys show marked age-related decline, including decreased GFR and reduced ability to concentrate urine.