What type of angina is characterized by vasospasms of coronary arteries and causes unpredictable chest pain?

A. Expecting copious amounts of frothy, pink sputum: This symptom is typically associated with left-sided heart failure or pulmonary edema, where fluid accumulates in the lungs, leading to the production of frothy, pink sputum. It is not a classic manifestation of right-sided heart failure.

B. Fine crackles throughout both lung fields: Fine crackles are more indicative of left-sided heart failure due to fluid accumulation in the lungs (pulmonary congestion). In right-sided heart failure, the primary issues relate more to systemic congestion rather than pulmonary congestion.

C. +pitting edema in lower extremities: Right-sided heart failure often leads to fluid retention and peripheral edema due to increased venous pressure. Pitting edema in the lower extremities is a common clinical manifestation in patients with cor pulmonale and right-sided heart failure.

D. Altered level of consciousness: This can occur due to decreased cardiac output and resulting reduced cerebral perfusion. In right-sided heart failure, especially in advanced stages, fluid overload can lead to increased intracranial pressure, contributing to altered mental status.

E. Jugular vein distention: Jugular vein distention is a classic sign of right-sided heart failure. Increased pressure in the right atrium due to fluid overload results in distended neck veins, indicating elevated venous pressure.

A. Injury to the endothelial cells that line the artery walls: The development of atherosclerosis begins with damage to the endothelial cells of the arterial wall. This injury can be caused by various factors, including hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol, and diabetes. Once the endothelium is injured, it becomes more permeable, allowing lipids and inflammatory cells to penetrate and accumulate, leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.

B. Release of the platelet-derived growth factor: While platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) plays a role in the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and the progression of atherosclerosis, it is not the initiating event. PDGF is released in response to endothelial injury and inflammation but does not cause the initial damage itself.

C. Macrophages adhere to vessel walls: The adherence of macrophages to the vessel walls occurs after the initial endothelial injury. Once the endothelium is damaged, macrophages migrate to the site and contribute to the inflammatory response and plaque formation, but this is not the initiating event.

D. Release of inflammatory cytokines: Inflammatory cytokines are part of the response that follows endothelial injury and play a role in the progression of atherosclerosis. However, the release of these cytokines is a consequence of the initial injury rather than the initiating event.