What type of angina is characterized by vasospasms of coronary arteries and causes unpredictable chest pain?

A. Increase peripheral resistance: An increase in peripheral resistance contributes to hypertension by raising the pressure in the arteries. This condition often results from vasoconstriction or structural changes in the blood vessels, leading to higher overall blood pressure.

B. Decrease in cardiac output: A decrease in cardiac output typically does not cause hypertension. In fact, low cardiac output may lead to hypotension (low blood pressure) since there is less blood being pumped into the circulatory system. This option is the exception when discussing physiological causes of hypertension.

C. Both increased cardiac output and peripheral resistance: Both increased cardiac output and peripheral resistance can lead to hypertension. An increase in either factor can elevate blood pressure, and their combined effect can significantly contribute to the development of hypertension.

D. Increased cardiac output: Increased cardiac output raises blood pressure by delivering more blood to the arteries with each heartbeat. This can occur due to various factors such as increased fluid volume, increased heart rate, or heightened contractility of the heart.

A. Hospital-acquired pneumonia: Pneumonia that develops 48 hours or more after hospital admission is classified as hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). It is caused by pathogens acquired in the hospital setting, often involving multidrug-resistant organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Patients who are intubated, have prolonged hospital stays, or have weakened immune defenses are at higher risk.

B. Immunocompromised pneumonia: Pneumonia in immunocompromised patients occurs due to weakened host defenses, such as in individuals with HIV/AIDS, those undergoing chemotherapy, or transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy. While these patients can develop HAP, pneumonia due to opportunistic infections like Pneumocystis jirovecii or fungal infections is categorized separately.

C. Community-acquired pneumonia: Pneumonia acquired outside the hospital or within the first 48 hours of admission is classified as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Typical pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. CAP is usually less resistant to antibiotics compared to HAP.

D. Viral pneumonia: Pneumonia caused by viral pathogens such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or SARS-CoV-2 is classified based on the causative agent rather than the setting in which it was acquired. Although viruses can cause both CAP and HAP, the classification of pneumonia is determined by the timing of onset and exposure risks.