What type of angina is characterized by vasospasms of coronary arteries and causes unpredictable chest pain?

A. Is caused by hypertrophy and hyperplasia with associated fibrosis of the intima and media: While these changes can occur in the vascular walls over time due to hypertension, they are not the primary cause of primary hypertension itself. Primary hypertension is more complex and multifactorial.

B. Underactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and the RAAS: Primary hypertension is characterized by increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), not underactivity. Increased activity of these systems contributes to elevated blood pressure.

C. Is caused by complicated interactions of genetics and the environment without evidence of a specific causative agent: This statement accurately describes primary hypertension, which results from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as diet, physical activity, and stress. There is no single identifiable cause for primary hypertension, making this the correct answer.

D. Is caused by systemic disease that raises peripheral vascular resistance and/or cardiac output: This statement pertains more to secondary hypertension, which is due to identifiable causes such as kidney disease, endocrine disorders, or other systemic diseases. Primary hypertension does not arise from a specific systemic disease but rather from multifactorial influences.

A. Pus in the pleural space: This describes empyema, a condition in which infection leads to pus accumulation in the pleural space. Empyema is commonly associated with bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, or thoracic surgery and requires drainage and antibiotic therapy. It does not cause the lung collapse seen in pneumothorax.

B. Collapse of small airways: While airway collapse can occur in conditions like bronchiolitis or atelectasis, it is not the defining feature of pneumothorax. Pneumothorax specifically involves air leaking into the pleural space, which disrupts the negative pressure necessary for lung expansion and results in partial or complete lung collapse.

C. Blood in the chest cavity: This describes hemothorax, a condition in which blood accumulates in the pleural space due to trauma, ruptured blood vessels, or certain medical conditions. Unlike pneumothorax, which involves air in the pleural space, hemothorax requires different management, including drainage with a chest tube and possible fluid resuscitation.

D. Air in the pleural space: Pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space, causing a loss of negative pressure and leading to lung collapse. This can result from chest trauma, spontaneous rupture of alveoli, underlying lung disease, or mechanical ventilation. Symptoms may include sudden chest pain, dyspnea, and decreased breath sounds on the affected side.