When talking about hypertension, we know that it can physiologically be caused by all of the following except

Increase peripheral resistance

Decrease in cardiac output

Both increased cardiac output and peripheral resistance

Increased cardiac output

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A. Increase peripheral resistance: An increase in peripheral resistance contributes to hypertension by raising the pressure in the arteries. This condition often results from vasoconstriction or structural changes in the blood vessels, leading to higher overall blood pressure.

B. Decrease in cardiac output: A decrease in cardiac output typically does not cause hypertension. In fact, low cardiac output may lead to hypotension (low blood pressure) since there is less blood being pumped into the circulatory system. This option is the exception when discussing physiological causes of hypertension.

C. Both increased cardiac output and peripheral resistance: Both increased cardiac output and peripheral resistance can lead to hypertension. An increase in either factor can elevate blood pressure, and their combined effect can significantly contribute to the development of hypertension.

D. Increased cardiac output: Increased cardiac output raises blood pressure by delivering more blood to the arteries with each heartbeat. This can occur due to various factors such as increased fluid volume, increased heart rate, or heightened contractility of the heart.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Septal: Septal cardiomyopathy typically refers to abnormalities in the interventricular septum and does not specifically address the rigidity and noncompliance of the myocardium that affects diastolic filling.

B. Restrictive: Restrictive cardiomyopathy is characterized by a rigid and noncompliant myocardium that impedes ventricular filling during diastole. This results in elevated pressures in the ventricles and may lead to heart failure symptoms due to poor filling capacity.

C. Infiltrative: Infiltrative cardiomyopathy involves the deposition of abnormal substances (such as amyloid or sarcoid) within the myocardial tissue, which can lead to stiffness. While this may contribute to restrictive physiology, "restrictive" is the more precise term for the condition described.

D. Hypertrophic: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by an abnormal thickening of the heart muscle, particularly the left ventricle. While this condition can affect diastolic filling, it is primarily due to muscle hypertrophy rather than rigidity and noncompliance of the myocardium.

A. Hypoventilation causes hypocapnia B. Hypoventilation causes alkalosis C. Hyperventilation causes acidosis D. Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Hypoventilation causes hypocapnia: Hypoventilation leads to inadequate removal of carbon dioxide (CO₂), resulting in hypercapnia rather than hypocapnia. This occurs because decreased ventilation reduces gas exchange efficiency, allowing CO₂ to accumulate in the blood, which can cause respiratory acidosis.

B. Hypoventilation causes alkalosis: Hypoventilation leads to respiratory acidosis rather than alkalosis. When ventilation is insufficient, CO₂ builds up in the bloodstream, leading to an increase in hydrogen ion concentration and a subsequent drop in blood pH. This is commonly seen in conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), neuromuscular disorders, and opioid overdose.

C. Hyperventilation causes acidosis: Hyperventilation results in excessive elimination of CO₂, leading to a decrease in hydrogen ion concentration and an increase in blood pH, causing respiratory alkalosis rather than acidosis. Acidosis occurs when CO₂ retention leads to an increase in hydrogen ion concentration, which is the opposite of what happens with hyperventilation.

D. Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia: Hyperventilation leads to an excessive exhalation of CO₂, causing a reduction in blood CO₂ levels (hypocapnia). This can result in respiratory alkalosis, leading to symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, tingling sensations, and even syncope. It is often seen in conditions like anxiety, panic attacks, fever, or high-altitude exposure.

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When talking about hypertension, we know that it can physiologically be caused by all of the following except

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Myocardium is rigid and noncompliant, impeding ventricular filling and raising pressures during diastole is which form of cardiomyopathy?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

What have you learned about ventilation?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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