When talking about hypertension, we know that it can physiologically be caused by all of the following except
Increase peripheral resistance
Decrease in cardiac output
Both increased cardiac output and peripheral resistance
Increased cardiac output
The Correct Answer is B
A. Increase peripheral resistance: An increase in peripheral resistance contributes to hypertension by raising the pressure in the arteries. This condition often results from vasoconstriction or structural changes in the blood vessels, leading to higher overall blood pressure.
B. Decrease in cardiac output: A decrease in cardiac output typically does not cause hypertension. In fact, low cardiac output may lead to hypotension (low blood pressure) since there is less blood being pumped into the circulatory system. This option is the exception when discussing physiological causes of hypertension.
C. Both increased cardiac output and peripheral resistance: Both increased cardiac output and peripheral resistance can lead to hypertension. An increase in either factor can elevate blood pressure, and their combined effect can significantly contribute to the development of hypertension.
D. Increased cardiac output: Increased cardiac output raises blood pressure by delivering more blood to the arteries with each heartbeat. This can occur due to various factors such as increased fluid volume, increased heart rate, or heightened contractility of the heart.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Norepinephrine causes bronchial smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion but it also causes high blood pressure: This statement is misleading in the context of asthma. Norepinephrine primarily acts on alpha and beta receptors, influencing blood pressure and bronchodilation but is not the main mediator in asthma pathophysiology. The focus should be on inflammation and airway responsiveness.
B. Uncontrolled inflammation leads to increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness and eventual scarring: This statement accurately describes the pathophysiologic process in asthma. Persistent inflammation in asthma can cause increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness, leading to airway narrowing and potential long-term remodeling and scarring of the airways if not controlled. Effective management is essential to prevent these adverse outcomes.
C. Immunoglobulin G causes smooth muscle contraction which will eventually weaken the respiratory muscles: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is primarily involved in allergic reactions and asthma, and it does not directly cause smooth muscle contraction that weakens respiratory muscles.
D. The release of epinephrine leads to development of cardiac dysrhythmias: While epinephrine can have cardiovascular effects, including increased heart rate and potential for dysrhythmias, this is not directly relevant to the pathophysiology of asthma. The focus in asthma management is on controlling airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction rather than on cardiac issues.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Prinzmetal or variant angina: Prinzmetal angina, also known as variant angina, is characterized by episodes of chest pain due to vasospasms of the coronary arteries. This type of angina can occur unpredictably, often at rest, and is associated with transient ischemia of the heart muscle.
B. Unstable angina: Unstable angina is characterized by sudden, unpredictable chest pain that occurs at rest or with minimal exertion and may last longer than stable angina. It indicates a significant risk of myocardial infarction but is not primarily caused by vasospasm.
C. Angina pectoris: Angina pectoris is a general term for chest pain due to ischemia, which can be stable or unstable. It does not specifically refer to the vasospasm that defines Prinzmetal angina.
D. Stable angina: Stable angina is characterized by predictable chest pain that occurs with exertion or stress and is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin. It is not associated with coronary artery vasospasms.
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