When assessing a newborn shortly after birth, the nurse finds flat, irregular pinkish marks the forehead, the nape of the neck and the eyelids. The areas blanch when pressed with a finger. The nurse would document this finding as:

A) Presence of a two-vessel umbilical cord:
The presence of a two-vessel umbilical cord (instead of the normal three vessels, which includes two arteries and one vein) is a significant finding that requires follow-up. A two-vessel cord can be associated with fetal anomalies, particularly with renal, cardiac, or chromosomal conditions. Therefore, it requires further evaluation to rule out any underlying conditions and ensure proper organ development.

B) Molding of the skull:
Molding of the skull is a normal and expected finding in newborns following a vaginal birth, especially after a long or difficult delivery. It refers to the temporary reshaping of the fetal skull bones as they overlap to pass through the birth canal. This is typically self-correcting and resolves within a few days, so no follow-up is needed for molding.

C) Asymmetry of ears:
Asymmetry of the ears can indicate congenital anomalies, such as craniofacial syndromes or other physical deformities. Although some degree of asymmetry can occur in newborns, especially in the first hours of life, persistent or significant asymmetry should be evaluated further. It may indicate an abnormality that requires follow-up or assessment by a specialist.

D) Tongue extending past the lower lip:
A tongue that extends past the lower lip is a normal finding in newborns, as babies are still developing their oral reflexes and muscle tone. This is not a cause for concern, and no follow-up is required unless other feeding issues arise. It's important to differentiate between normal tongue movements and more serious concerns like tongue-tie (ankyloglossia), but this is not indicative of a problem by itself.

E) Diminished breath sounds on one side:
Diminished breath sounds on one side of the chest can indicate a serious issue, such as a pneumothorax, diaphragmatic hernia, or other respiratory concerns. This finding warrants immediate follow-up, as the newborn could be experiencing a respiratory distress condition that needs urgent intervention and management. This is a significant finding requiring immediate evaluation.

A) G5 T1 P2 A1 L2:
G (Gravida): Gravida refers to the total number of pregnancies, including the current pregnancy. In this case, the woman is currently pregnant and has had 4 previous pregnancies (one miscarriage at 10 weeks, one at 22 weeks, and two live births). Therefore, her Gravida (G) is 5.
T (Term births): Term births are those that occur at or after 37 weeks of gestation. The woman delivered an 18-month-old daughter who was born 2 days after her due date, which is a term birth. Thus, her Term (T) is 1.
P (Preterm births): Preterm births occur between 20 and 36 weeks of gestation. The woman had a son born at 35 weeks, which is classified as a preterm birth. Therefore, the Preterm (P) is 2.
A (Abortions or miscarriages): Abortions refer to pregnancies that ended before 20 weeks of gestation. The woman experienced two miscarriages, one at 10 weeks and one at 22 weeks. Thus, the Abortions (A) is 1.
L (Living children): Living children are those who are currently alive. The woman has a 3-year-old son and an 18-month-old daughter, so the Living (L) is 2.
Thus, the correct GTPAL classification is G5 T1 P2 A1 L2.

B) G5 T2 P2 A1 L2:
This is incorrect because the woman had only one term birth (not two). She delivered her daughter at term, but the son was preterm (born at 35 weeks). Therefore, her Term (T) should be 1, not 2.

C) G4 T1 P2 A2 L2:
This is incorrect because the woman is currently pregnant, so her Gravida (G) is 5, not 4. Additionally, the woman had 1 abortion, not 2.

D) G4 T1 P1 A2 L2:
This is also incorrect because the woman is currently pregnant, so her Gravida (G) is 5, not 4. Furthermore, the woman had 2 preterm births, not 1.