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When teaching the patient about preventing further episodes of pneumonia, the nurse should include which 5 topics?

Staying indoors during cold and flu season

Yearly flu vaccine

Regular exercise and healthy nutrition

Use a fan at night to circulate the air

Staying away from crowds

Handwashing

Pneumonia Vaccine

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : B,C,E,F,G

Choice A reason: Staying indoors may limit exposure but isn’t practical or evidence-based for pneumonia prevention. It’s less effective than vaccines or hygiene, as pathogens persist indoors, reducing its priority in teaching.

Choice B reason: Yearly flu vaccine prevents influenza, a pneumonia risk factor, by inducing immunity. It’s a cornerstone of prevention, reducing respiratory infections that predispose to bacterial pneumonia, per public health guidelines.

Choice C reason: Regular exercise and nutrition boost immunity, reducing pneumonia risk. Strong lungs and host defenses limit infection severity, making this a key lifestyle topic for long-term respiratory health protection.

Choice D reason: Using a fan circulates air but doesn’t prevent pneumonia pathogens effectively. It may dry mucosa, increasing susceptibility, so it’s not a standard recommendation compared to vaccines or hygiene.

Choice E reason: Staying away from crowds reduces exposure to respiratory pathogens causing pneumonia. It’s practical during outbreaks, complementing vaccines and hygiene as a behavioral strategy to lower infection risk.

Choice F reason: Handwashing removes pathogens, preventing pneumonia transmission via contact. It’s a simple, evidence-based habit, critical in breaking infection chains, making it essential in patient education for prevention.

Choice G reason: Pneumonia vaccine (e.g., PCV13, PPSV23) protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae, a top cause. It’s a primary prevention tool, reducing incidence, strongly recommended for at-risk patients in teaching plans.

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Correct Answer is ["A","C","E"]

Explanation

Choice A reason: Lisinopril, an ACE inhibitor, blocks angiotensin II formation, relaxing arteries and reducing blood pressure. It directly treats hypertension by decreasing vascular resistance and preload, a first-line therapy supported by its systemic vasodilatory effects.

Choice B reason: Metformin manages type 2 diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake. It doesn’t affect blood pressure directly, targeting metabolic pathways instead, so it’s not a hypertension treatment despite cardiovascular risk benefits.

Choice C reason: Hydralazine dilates arterioles by relaxing smooth muscle, directly lowering blood pressure. Used in hypertension, especially in crises, it reduces afterload, making it a potent antihypertensive agent when rapid control is needed.

Choice D reason: Aspirin prevents platelet aggregation, reducing thrombotic risk in cardiovascular disease. It doesn’t lower blood pressure directly, acting as an antiplatelet rather than an antihypertensive, so it’s not a primary treatment for hypertension.

Choice E reason: Amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, relaxes vascular smooth muscle, decreasing peripheral resistance. It directly treats hypertension by dilating arteries, improving blood flow, and reducing cardiac workload, a common and effective long-term therapy.

A. The patient is sitting in the tripod position. B. The patient’s pulse oximetry shows a 90% O2 saturation. C. The patient has bibasilar lung crackles. D. The patient’s respiratory rate is 9 breaths/min.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: Tripod position aids breathing in COPD by stabilizing accessory muscles, a common adaptation. It signals distress but isn’t immediately life-threatening compared to respiratory rate, as it reflects chronic compensation rather than acute decompensation requiring urgent intervention.

Choice B reason: O2 saturation of 90% is low but typical in COPD due to ventilation-perfusion mismatch. It warrants monitoring, yet it’s less critical than respiratory rate, as supplemental oxygen can correct it, and it’s not an immediate danger sign.

Choice C reason: Bibasilar crackles suggest fluid or infection, uncommon in pure COPD exacerbations, which show wheezing. This finding needs attention but is less urgent than respiratory rate, as it may indicate pneumonia rather than immediate respiratory failure.

Choice D reason: Respiratory rate of 9 breaths/min is alarmingly low in COPD, where tachypnea (20-30 breaths/min) is expected during exacerbation. Bradypnea indicates potential respiratory depression or fatigue, risking CO2 retention and hypoxia, necessitating immediate reporting for intervention.

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When teaching the patient about preventing further episodes of pneumonia, the nurse should include which 5 topics?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Based on the patient’s medication list, which of the following medications directly treat hypertension? (Select all that apply)

Correct Answer is ["A","C","E"]

Explanation

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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