Which action would the nurse take first for a patient with a tracheostomy who appears anxious and is having difficulty in coughing up thick respiratory secretion?

A. Furosemide is a diuretic that is used to reduce fluid overload and manage conditions like heart failure or kidney disease. It is not indicated in anaphylaxis.
B. Methylprednisolone is a corticosteroid used for its anti-inflammatory properties and can be used in anaphylaxis to reduce inflammation and prevent delayed reactions. However, it is not the first-line treatment in acute anaphylactic shock.
C. Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylactic shock. It works by rapidly reversing the effects of anaphylaxis, such as bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, and edema, by stimulating alpha and beta receptors. Epinephrine should be administered as soon as anaphylaxis is suspected to stabilize the patient’s condition.
D. Dobutamine is a medication used to manage shock by increasing cardiac output, but it is not used in the management of anaphylactic shock. The priority is epinephrine to reverse the anaphylactic response.

A. Cerebral edema is the most dangerous complication associated with the administration of hypotonic fluids in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). This occurs because hypotonic fluids cause rapid shifts in fluid and electrolytes, which can lead to swelling of the brain, especially in children. The risk is heightened if fluids are replaced too quickly.
B. Polyuria is a common symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis due to high blood glucose levels and osmotic diuresis, but it is not caused by hypotonic fluid administration.
C. Hypokalemia is a potential risk in DKA but typically arises from the shift of potassium from the extracellular to intracellular space during treatment, especially with insulin administration, not from the use of hypotonic fluids.
D. Metabolic acidosis is a hallmark of diabetic ketoacidosis itself and is caused by the accumulation of ketones. It is not caused by hypotonic fluid replacement.