Which complication of fractures is a result of excessive callus formation at the fracture site?

Localized swelling and bruising are common signs of inflammation and injury at the fracture site. They may indicate the presence of a fracture, especially if the patient experienced trauma or a fall.

b. Warmth and redness at the site: Warmth and redness are signs of inflammation, but they are not specific to fractures and can occur in various musculoskeletal conditions.
c. Absence of pain with movement: Absence of pain with movement is not a typical finding in fractures. Fractures usually cause pain, especially with movement.
d. Increased range of motion at the joint: Increased range of motion may occur in some injuries, but it is not a reliable indicator of a fracture, especially if there is swelling and bruising present.

A spiral fracture occurs due to twisting or rotational forces on the bone, resulting in a twisting break along the bone's length.

a. Greenstick fracture: A greenstick fracture involves the bone bending and partially breaking, usually seen in children. It is not caused by twisting forces.
b. Transverse fracture: A transverse fracture occurs when the bone breaks straight across its long axis, not due to twisting.
d. Comminuted fracture: In a comminuted fracture, the bone breaks into multiple pieces, which is not associated with twisting forces.