Which complication of fractures is a result of excessive callus formation at the fracture site?

Closed reduction is a non-surgical procedure used to manually realign the fractured bone to its normal position without making an incision. It is often followed by cast immobilization or other forms of stabilization.

a. To surgically realign the fractured bone: Surgical realignment is typically performed through open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), not closed reduction.
b. To stabilize the fracture with internal fixation: Internal fixation involves the use of screws, plates, or rods to stabilize fractures, and it is not part of the closed reduction procedure.
c. To immobilize the fractured bone with a cast: Immobilization with a cast may follow closed reduction, but it is not the primary goal of the reduction procedure itself.

X-ray is the most appropriate initial diagnostic study for suspected fractures. It provides clear images of bones and can help identify the presence, location, and extent of the fracture.

b. MRI: MRI is useful for soft tissue imaging, but it may not be the first choice for initial evaluation of fractures. X-rays are more commonly used for immediate assessment.
c. CT scan: CT scan can provide detailed images of bones and soft tissues, but it is not typically the first-line imaging study for fractures. X-rays are more commonly performed first.
d. Ultrasound: Ultrasound is primarily used for imaging soft tissues and may not provide sufficient detail for evaluating fractures. X-rays are more appropriate for initial assessment.