Which condition is a cause of an acquired murmur?

Cardiac failure

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Congenital malformation

Rheumatic fever

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. Cardiac failure: While cardiac failure can lead to changes in heart function, it does not directly cause an acquired murmur. Murmurs are typically due to valvular or structural abnormalities rather than being a direct consequence of heart failure.

B. Coronary artery disease (CAD): CAD can lead to ischemic heart disease and may contribute to heart failure but is not typically associated with the development of an acquired murmur. It does not directly create new murmurs; rather, it can exacerbate existing heart conditions.

C. Congenital malformation: Congenital malformations are structural heart defects present at birth and are classified as congenital causes of murmurs rather than acquired. These murmurs result from anatomical abnormalities rather than changes occurring after birth.

D. Rheumatic fever: Rheumatic fever is an acquired condition that can cause damage to the heart valves, leading to the development of valvular insufficiency or stenosis. These changes can produce an acquired murmur as a result of the inflammation and scarring of the heart valves following the infection.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Triglycerides: Elevated triglyceride levels are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. High triglycerides can contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to a higher risk of heart disease and complications such as heart attacks or strokes.

B. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs): Elevated VLDL levels are considered harmful and are linked to a higher risk of atherosclerosis. VLDLs contribute to the accumulation of triglycerides and promote the development of plaque in the arteries, which can significantly increase cardiovascular risk over time.

C. High density lipoproteins (HDLs): Elevated HDL levels are considered protective against the development of atherosclerosis. HDLs help transport cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver for excretion, which not only reduces the risk of plaque buildup but also lowers the likelihood of heart disease and enhances overall cardiovascular health.

D. Low density lipoproteins (LDLs): Elevated LDL levels are known to be a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. LDL cholesterol can contribute to the formation of plaques in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke, and it is important to manage LDL levels for better cardiovascular health.

A. Prinzmetal or variant agina B. Unstable angina C. Angina pectoris D. Stable angina

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Prinzmetal or variant angina: Prinzmetal angina, also known as variant angina, is characterized by episodes of chest pain due to vasospasms of the coronary arteries. This type of angina can occur unpredictably, often at rest, and is associated with transient ischemia of the heart muscle.

B. Unstable angina: Unstable angina is characterized by sudden, unpredictable chest pain that occurs at rest or with minimal exertion and may last longer than stable angina. It indicates a significant risk of myocardial infarction but is not primarily caused by vasospasm.

C. Angina pectoris: Angina pectoris is a general term for chest pain due to ischemia, which can be stable or unstable. It does not specifically refer to the vasospasm that defines Prinzmetal angina.

D. Stable angina: Stable angina is characterized by predictable chest pain that occurs with exertion or stress and is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin. It is not associated with coronary artery vasospasms.

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Which condition is a cause of an acquired murmur?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Which elevated value may be protective of the development of atherosclerosis?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

What type of angina is characterized by vasospasms of coronary arteries and causes unpredictable chest pain?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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