Which congenital heart disease causes cyanosis when not repaired? (select all that apply)
Pulmonary atresia
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Transposition of great arteries
Tetralogy of Fallot
Correct Answer : A,C,D
A. Pulmonary atresia leads to little or no blood flow to the lungs, resulting in severe cyanosis if not surgically repaired.
B. PDA typically causes a left-to-right shunt and does not usually result in cyanosis unless other defects are present.
C. Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) creates parallel circulations, leading to severe cyanosis without mixing of blood.
D. Tetralogy of Fallot is a classic cyanotic heart defect, especially during "tet spells" due to right-to-left shunting.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Cardiac arrhythmias can occur in Kawasaki disease, but they are not necessarily an indication of deterioration unless associated with significant clinical change.
B. Strep throat is unrelated to the progression of Kawasaki disease, though infection could complicate it.
C. Hypotension is a significant indicator of deterioration in Kawasaki disease, especially as it can signal cardiac involvement or shock.
D. Bradycardia is typically not a sign of deterioration in this condition, and it would need further evaluation.
Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D","E","F","G"]
Explanation
Inability to stay latched to the breast is concerning because it reflects increased work of breathing or fatigue. Infants often show feeding difficulties as an early sign of respiratory compromise, and in this case, poor feeding may also contribute to dehydration and hypoglycemia.
Capillary refill greater than 4 seconds suggests delayed peripheral perfusion, which can indicate dehydration or early shock. This is a red flag in infants and requires prompt assessment of circulatory status.
Intermittent wheezing in both lungs is an abnormal breath sound typically associated with airway narrowing or obstruction, as seen in bronchiolitis or reactive airway disease. It requires close monitoring for worsening respiratory effort or decreased air exchange.
Heart rate of 178 beats per minute is elevated for a 10-week-old infant (normal is generally 100–160 bpm). This tachycardia may be a response to fever, hypoxia, respiratory distress, or dehydration, and should be evaluated in the context of other clinical signs.
Oxygen saturation of 92% on room air is below the expected range for a healthy infant (typically ≥95%). This indicates hypoxemia, and supplemental oxygen and further respiratory support may be necessary.
Respiratory rate of 65 breaths per minute exceeds the normal range for this age (30–60 breaths/min). Tachypnea can reflect respiratory distress and is especially concerning when paired with other abnormal findings.
Mild intercostal retractions are a sign that the infant is using accessory muscles to breathe, which indicates increased work of breathing. Even mild retractions in a young infant warrant close observation.
Restlessness and head bobbing are signs of significant respiratory distress. Head bobbing is particularly concerning as it indicates fatigue and the use of neck muscles to assist with breathing, which can precede respiratory failure.
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