Which explanation should the nurse give to a male client on why benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) often causes urinary retention

Abnormal growth results in loss of bladder muscle tone.

Inflammation causes spasms of the gland.

The enlarged gland compresses the urethra.

Nerve compression decreases the sensation that the bladder is full

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition characterized by non-cancerous growth of the prostate gland, leading to its enlargement. This enlargement can contribute to urinary retention by obstructing the flow of urine through the urethra. Here's the breakdown of the explanation:

A) Abnormal growth results in loss of bladder muscle tone:

While BPH can lead to urinary symptoms such as urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia, it does not directly cause loss of bladder muscle tone. Instead, the enlarged prostate gland obstructs the bladder outlet, making it difficult for urine to pass through the urethra.

B) Inflammation causes spasms of the gland:

Inflammation of the prostate gland, known as prostatitis, can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, dysuria, and urinary frequency, but it is not typically associated with BPH. BPH is characterized by benign growth of the prostate tissue rather than inflammation and spasms.

C) The enlarged gland compresses the urethra:

Correct. The primary mechanism by which BPH causes urinary retention is by compressing the urethra, which obstructs the flow of urine from the bladder. As the prostate gland enlarges, it can constrict the urethra, leading to symptoms such as hesitancy, weak urinary stream, incomplete emptying, and urinary retention.

D) Nerve compression decreases the sensation that the bladder is full:

While compression of nerves in the pelvic region can contribute to urinary symptoms, such as decreased sensation of bladder fullness, it is not the primary mechanism by which BPH causes urinary retention. The compression of the urethra by the enlarged prostate gland is the main factor leading to urinary obstruction and retention.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A) Peripheral neuropathy:

Peripheral neuropathy involves damage to the peripheral nerves and is not directly related to the described crushing injury. While nerve injury can occur as a result of trauma, the signs and symptoms described in the scenario, such as unequal strength between the left and right thighs, are more indicative of a potential vascular or musculoskeletal issue rather than peripheral neuropathy.

B) Osteomyelitis:

Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that can occur secondary to trauma or as a complication of open fractures. While it is possible for a crushing injury to lead to osteomyelitis if there is bone involvement or an open wound, the scenario mentions that x-rays revealed no broken bones. Additionally, the signs and symptoms described, such as bruising and swelling of the thighs, are not specific to osteomyelitis.

C) Fat embolism:

Fat embolism occurs when fat globules enter the bloodstream, often following traumatic injury to long bones or orthopedic procedures. While a crushing injury can theoretically lead to fat embolism, the absence of long bone fractures in the x-rays makes this less likely. Additionally, fat embolism typically presents with respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea and hypoxemia, which are not described in the scenario.

D) Compartment syndrome:

Correct. Compartment syndrome is a serious condition that can occur following a crushing injury, especially in the extremities. It is characterized by increased pressure within a muscle compartment, leading to compromised blood flow and potential tissue damage. Signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome include severe pain, swelling, bruising, decreased or absent pulses, and neurological deficits. The unequal strength between the left and right thighs could indicate neurological deficits due to compromised blood flow or nerve compression, making assessment for signs of compartment syndrome crucial in this client's plan of care. If compartment syndrome is suspected, prompt medical intervention, such as fasciotomy to relieve pressure, may be necessary to prevent complications.

A. Oxyhemoglobin provides less oxygen to tissues. B. Insufficient platelets delay the clotting process. C. Phagocytic cells are Inadequate in fighting infection. D. Lack of iron causes hypochromic blood cells.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Acute leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), involves the proliferation of abnormal myeloblasts (immature white blood cells) in the bone marrow, leading to decreased production of normal blood cells. Here's the breakdown of the pathophysiology contributing to bruising in acute leukemia:

A) Oxyhemoglobin provides less oxygen to tissues:

Oxyhemoglobin refers to hemoglobin bound to oxygen, and its role is in oxygen transport, not in the process of bruising. Therefore, this option is not directly related to the pathophysiology of bruising in acute leukemia.

B) Insufficient platelets delay the clotting process:

Correct. Thrombocytopenia, or low platelet count, is a common complication of acute leukemia due to the replacement of normal bone marrow cells with leukemia cells, leading to inadequate production of platelets. Platelets play a crucial role in hemostasis and clot formation. Insufficient platelets result in delayed clotting, leading to easy bruising and bleeding tendencies in patients with acute leukemia.

C) Phagocytic cells are inadequate in fighting infection:

Leukopenia, or low white blood cell count, can occur in acute leukemia due to suppression of normal hematopoiesis by leukemia cells in the bone marrow. While leukopenia predisposes patients to infections due to impaired immune function, it is not directly related to the pathophysiology of bruising.

D) Lack of iron causes hypochromic blood cells:

Iron deficiency anemia can result in hypochromic red blood cells, but this is not typically associated with the pathophysiology of bruising in acute leukemia. Anemia may contribute to other symptoms such as fatigue and pallor, but bruising primarily results from thrombocytopenia-induced clotting abnormalities.

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Which explanation should the nurse give to a male client on why benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) often causes urinary retention

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

The nurse is explaining the underlying cause of bruising with a client who is recently diagnosed with acute leukemia. Which pathophysiology is a result of the myeloblastic dysfunction of leukemia?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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