Which individual may need involuntary hospitalization?

Choice A rationale

The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) project explicitly identifies Patient-Centered Care as one of its six core competencies. This competency emphasizes providing compassionate and coordinated care based on respect for client's preferences, values, and needs, a principle that is fundamental to effective mental health treatment and recovery-oriented services.

Choice B rationale

This statement describes the conceptual model of recovery in mental health, which is a guiding principle for treatment, but it is not one of the six specific competencies defined and recognized by the QSEN initiative for nursing education and practice across all health settings.

Choice C rationale

This statement relates to genomics, an emerging field in healthcare, especially in understanding genetic predispositions to mental illness and individualized pharmacogenomic treatment responses. While important, it is not listed as one of the six core QSEN competencies, which focus on broader areas of quality and safety improvement.

Choice D rationale

Healthy development is a key concept in developmental psychology and mental health promotion, emphasizing the establishment of a robust psychological foundation. Though highly relevant to preventative mental healthcare, this is a conceptual focus rather than a distinct, explicit competency named and mandated by the QSEN framework.

Choice A rationale

Demonstrating deep breathing is an example of modeling or imitation, a technique rooted in Social Learning Theory, where a client learns new behaviors by observing and copying others. While therapeutic, this intervention does not involve the systematic use of consequences (reinforcement or punishment) to modify a behavior.

Choice B rationale

Showing a client assertiveness techniques is a form of skills training or psychoeducation, often grounded in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which aims to change maladaptive thought patterns and develop effective communication. It focuses on instruction and practice, not on the contingent application of a consequence for an immediate behavioral response.

Choice C rationale

Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning where the frequency of a behavior is altered by its consequences. Rewarding the client with a token (a positive reinforcement or secondary reinforcer) immediately following the desired behavior (avoiding an argument) increases the likelihood that the client will repeat the non-aggressive behavior in the future.

Choice D rationale

Providing a safe, non-judgmental environment is a core principle of therapeutic communication and the therapeutic relationship, often associated with humanistic psychology and theories like that of Carl Rogers. While essential for building trust, it is a necessary setting condition and not an application of the specific behavioral principles of operant conditioning.