Which is not a risk factor for pressure injuries?

Choice A reason: Not obtaining a translator is a communication barrier, not a type involving empathy or active listening. Therapeutic communication includes these qualities. Assuming this is the type risks perpetuating ineffective communication, hindering patient trust and understanding, critical for building therapeutic relationships and ensuring accurate information exchange in healthcare.

Choice B reason: Nonverbal communication involves gestures or expressions, which may convey empathy but lacks active listening or verbal acceptance, unlike therapeutic communication. Assuming nonverbal is sufficient risks incomplete interaction, missing verbal empathy and respect, essential for fostering patient trust and effective dialogue in therapeutic nursing relationships.

Choice C reason: Verbal communication involves spoken words but doesn’t inherently include empathy, respect, or active listening, unlike therapeutic communication. Assuming verbal alone suffices risks superficial interactions, neglecting emotional connection and acceptance, critical for building trust and supporting patient-centered care in therapeutic nursing practice.

Choice D reason: Therapeutic communication involves active listening, empathy, respect, and acceptance, fostering trust and understanding in patient interactions. It combines verbal and nonverbal skills to support emotional and informational needs, critical for effective nursing care, enhancing patient outcomes, and building therapeutic relationships in diverse clinical settings.

Choice A reason: Assessing pupils tests cranial nerves II (optic) and III (oculomotor), evaluating visual acuity and pupillary response, not cranial nerve I (olfactory), which governs smell. Pupil assessment is irrelevant to olfactory function, making this choice incorrect for testing the sense of smell.

Choice B reason: Cranial nerve I, the olfactory nerve, is responsible for the sense of smell. Instructing the client to identify a scent, such as coffee or vanilla, directly tests this nerve’s function. This is a standard neurological assessment method to evaluate olfactory integrity, making it the correct choice.

Choice C reason: Performing facial expressions tests cranial nerve VII (facial), which controls facial muscle movement. This is unrelated to cranial nerve I, which solely mediates olfaction. Facial expression assessment cannot evaluate smell, rendering this choice inappropriate for the specified cranial nerve test.

Choice D reason: Reading the Snellen chart tests cranial nerve II (optic) for visual acuity, not cranial nerve I, which is dedicated to smell perception. Visual testing does not assess olfactory function, making this choice incorrect for evaluating the olfactory nerve’s sensory capabilities.