Which method are for administering drugs by parenteral routes? (Select all that apply.)

A) Subcutaneous:
The subcutaneous route involves administering medication into the layer of fat and connective tissue beneath the skin. This method is used for drugs that require slower absorption, such as insulin or certain vaccines.

B) Intramuscular:
The intramuscular route involves injecting medication directly into a muscle. This allows for faster absorption compared to subcutaneous injections, making it ideal for drugs that need to be absorbed quickly, such as vaccines or certain antibiotics.

C) Via a nasogastric tube:
Administering drugs via a nasogastric tube is not considered a parenteral route. The nasogastric (NG) tube delivers medications directly into the stomach via the gastrointestinal tract, which is not part of the parenteral system. Parenteral routes are those that bypass the digestive system, like injections.

D) Intradermal:
The intradermal route involves injecting medication just under the skin, in the dermis. This is typically used for allergy testing or tuberculosis screenings. It is a parenteral route because it bypasses the digestive system.

E) Intravenous:
The intravenous route involves injecting medication directly into a vein, offering rapid absorption and fast onset of action. This method is ideal for critical or emergency situations where immediate medication effects are necessary.

A) The two main purposes for diuretics are to decrease fluid and decrease hypertension (lower blood pressure):
Diuretics primarily work by promoting the excretion of excess sodium and water from the body, which decreases fluid volume. This reduction in fluid volume helps to lower blood pressure, especially in conditions like hypertension and heart failure, where fluid buildup can exacerbate symptoms.

B) The two main purposes are to decrease fluid volume in the tissues and circulation, increasing blood pressure:
The primary purpose of diuretics is to decrease fluid volume, which helps lower blood pressure, not increase it. Diuretics are used to reduce the workload on the heart and the risk of complications like stroke and heart failure by lowering blood pressure and removing excess fluid from the body.

C) The two main purposes of diuretics are to increase fluid in the body and blood pressure:
Diuretics do not increase fluid in the body. In fact, they decrease fluid in the body to help reduce blood pressure. This option contradicts the fundamental mechanism of action of diuretics.

D) The two main purposes of diuretics are to increase circulating fluid and lower blood pressure:
Diuretics do not increase circulating fluid; they decrease it. By promoting the excretion of sodium and water, diuretics decrease the volume of circulating fluid, which is a key factor in lowering blood pressure.