Which of the following are the PRIMARY muscles of respiration? (Select All that Apply.)

intercostals

scalene

sternomastoid

diaphragm

pectoralis major

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,D

A. Intercostals: The intercostal muscles, including the external and internal intercostals, are primary muscles of respiration. They play a crucial role in expanding and contracting the thoracic cavity during inhalation and exhalation, facilitating airflow into and out of the lungs.

B. Scalene: The scalene muscles assist in elevating the first two ribs during deep inhalation, making them accessory muscles of respiration rather than primary muscles. They support breathing but are not the main muscles involved in the normal respiratory cycle.

C. Sternomastoid: The sternocleidomastoid muscles are also considered accessory muscles of respiration. They help elevate the sternum during forced inhalation, but they are not classified as primary muscles of respiration, which are more involved in the regular breathing process.

D. Diaphragm: The diaphragm is the primary muscle of respiration and is crucial for normal breathing. It contracts and flattens during inhalation, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and allowing air to flow into the lungs. This muscle is essential for the majority of airflow during normal breathing.

E. Pectoralis major: The pectoralis major is primarily involved in shoulder movement and is not a primary muscle of respiration. Although it can assist during forceful inhalation when the arms are raised, it does not function as a main muscle in the respiratory process.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Clumped: Clumped lymph nodes are more commonly seen in chronic infections such as tuberculosis or metastatic malignancies, where lymph nodes may fuse together due to prolonged immune stimulation or infiltration by cancerous cells. In acute infections, lymph nodes tend to be more discrete rather than clumped.

B. Unilateral: Lymphadenopathy in acute infections can be either unilateral or bilateral, depending on the site and extent of the infection. While localized bacterial infections may cause unilateral lymph node enlargement, systemic infections such as viral illnesses frequently lead to bilateral lymphadenopathy.

C. Soft and nontender: Normal lymph nodes are small, soft, and nonpalpable or slightly palpable without tenderness. In an acute infection, inflammatory processes lead to lymph node enlargement, making them firm and tender rather than soft and nontender. Soft, painless lymph nodes are more often associated with normal findings or slow-growing malignancies such as lymphomas.

D. Firm, tender, but freely movable: In acute infections, lymph nodes become enlarged, firm, and tender due to inflammatory immune responses against invading pathogens. Despite their enlargement, they remain freely movable because the surrounding tissue is not invaded or fibrotic, unlike in malignancies where nodes may be fixed due to tumor infiltration or fibrosis. The tenderness results from stretching of the lymph node capsule due to rapid immune cell proliferation and increased fluid accumulation.

A. Bronchophony B. Wheezes C. Bronchial sounds D. Whispered pectoriloquy

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Bronchophony: Bronchophony is an increase in clarity of spoken sounds when auscultating the lungs, typically indicating lung consolidation or pathology. It is not an adventitious sound associated with airflow through narrowed bronchioles.

B. Wheezes: Wheezes are high-pitched, musical sounds that occur when air passes through narrowed or obstructed airways, such as in cases of severe asthma. They are often heard during expiration and indicate bronchoconstriction or inflammation in the airways. This is the correct answer for the scenario presented.

C. Bronchial sounds: Bronchial sounds are normal breath sounds typically heard over the trachea and major bronchi. They are characterized by a higher pitch and a hollow quality. They are not classified as adventitious sounds and are not indicative of asthma.

D. Whispered pectoriloquy: Whispered pectoriloquy is a clinical finding where whispered sounds are heard more clearly over areas of lung consolidation. Like bronchophony, it does not represent an adventitious sound caused by airflow through narrowed bronchioles and is more indicative of lung pathology.

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Which of the following are the PRIMARY muscles of respiration? (Select All that Apply.)

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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