Which of the following cations makes an important contribution to osmotic pressure?

A. Loop of Henle:After the glomerular filtrate passes through the proximal convoluted tubule, it enters the Loop of Henle. This component of the nephron is responsible for further concentrating the filtrate and plays a critical role in urine concentration.

B. Bowman's capsule:Bowman's capsule is where glomerular filtration begins. It collects the filtrate from the glomerulus, but it is not where filtrate goes after the proximal convoluted tubule.

C. Collecting duct:The collecting duct is the final segment of the nephron where urine is collected after it has passed through the Loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule. It does not receive the filtrate directly from the proximal convoluted tubule.

D. Glomerulus:The glomerulus is a network of capillaries where filtration of blood occurs, producing glomerular filtrate. It is not a component that the filtrate enters after the proximal convoluted tubule.

a. The volume of the cell decreases: When a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution (solution with a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell compared to inside), water will move out of the cell through osmosis to equalize the concentration on both sides of the cell membrane. This movement of water causes the red blood cell to shrink (crenate).

b. The permeability of the cell membrane decreases: Incorrect. The permeability of the cell membrane to water remains relatively constant.

c. The permeability of the cell membrane increases: Incorrect. Osmosis is a passive process that doesn't require increased permeability.

d. The volume of the cell increases: Incorrect. A hypertonic solution will cause the cell to lose water and shrink.