Which of the following clinical manifestations of ovarian cancer? Select All that Apply.
Visual disturbances
Back pain
Persistent indigestion
Pelvic or abdominal pain
Ascites
Unexplained weight loss
Frequent urination
Correct Answer : B,C,D,E,F,G
A. Visual disturbances: Visual disturbances are not a typical symptom of ovarian cancer. They are more often associated with conditions such as neurological issues or metabolic disturbances. Ovarian cancer primarily affects the reproductive and gastrointestinal systems.
B. Back pain: Back pain is a common symptom of ovarian cancer, particularly when the tumor grows and presses on surrounding structures. It may also be a result of ascites or metastasis to the lower abdomen or pelvis.
C. Persistent indigestion: Persistent indigestion is a common symptom of ovarian cancer, especially as the tumor grows and puts pressure on the digestive system. It can cause bloating, nausea, and feelings of fullness, often contributing to gastrointestinal discomfort.
D. Pelvic or abdominal pain: Pelvic or abdominal pain is a hallmark symptom of ovarian cancer. As the tumor develops, it may cause discomfort or pain in the pelvic region, often accompanied by bloating or pressure in the lower abdomen.
E. Ascites: Ascites, or the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, is a classic sign of advanced ovarian cancer. It occurs when cancer spreads to the peritoneum and interferes with the body's ability to drain fluid properly, leading to swelling in the abdomen.
F. Unexplained weight loss: Unexplained weight loss can occur with ovarian cancer, particularly in later stages. This may result from changes in appetite, increased metabolic demand, or complications like ascites.
G. Frequent urination: Frequent urination is a symptom that can be associated with ovarian cancer, particularly when the tumor presses on the bladder. This pressure can lead to the sensation of needing to urinate more often, even if the bladder is not full.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Lymph node biopsy: The definitive diagnostic study for Hodgkin's lymphoma is a lymph node biopsy. The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in the biopsy is characteristic of Hodgkin's lymphoma.
B. Urine study for Bence Jones proteins: Bence Jones proteins are associated with multiple myeloma, not Hodgkin's lymphoma. This test is not used for diagnosing Hodgkin's lymphoma.
C. Genetic testing for Philadelphia factor: The Philadelphia chromosome is a genetic mutation linked to chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), not Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is not relevant for Hodgkin's lymphoma diagnosis.
D. Serology for Human T-cell virus (HTLV-1): HTLV-1 is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), not Hodgkin's lymphoma therefore it is not used for diagnosing Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Prevent platelet aggregation: Tissue plasminogen activator does not prevent platelet aggregation; it works by breaking down fibrin, the key component of blood clots. Medications like clopidogrel are more commonly used to prevent platelet aggregation.
B. Reduce the risk of blood vessel spasm: t-PA is not used to reduce blood vessel spasm. Its primary action is to dissolve blood clots that are blocking blood flow in the brain. Medications like calcium channel blockers are used to manage vasospasm.
C. Prevent infection in the brain: t-PA is not intended to prevent infection. It is a thrombolytic agent used to dissolve clots, not to treat infections. Infection prevention in stroke patients involves other strategies, like maintaining aseptic techniques during procedures.
D. Lyse the blood clot: t-PA is a thrombolytic agent that works by dissolving the fibrin in blood clots, restoring blood flow to the brain. This is the primary use in patients with an ischemic stroke, particularly when administered within the first few hours of symptom onset.
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