Which of the following disorders leads to cyanosis from deoxygenated blood entering the systemic arterial circulation?

Carctation of aorta

Artic stenosis

Patient ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Tetralogy of fallot

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect characterized by a combination of four specific heart abnormalities:
Ventricular septal defect (VSD): A hole in the wall (septum) between the two lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart.
Overriding aorta: The aorta is positioned over both the left and right ventricles, allowing oxygen-poor (deoxygenated) blood from the right ventricle to mix with oxygen-rich (oxygenated) blood from the left ventricle.
Pulmonic stenosis: Narrowing of the pulmonary valve or artery, which restricts blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Right ventricular hypertrophy: The right ventricle becomes thicker and more muscular as it works harder to pump blood against the narrowed pulmonary valve or artery.
The combination of these defects results in deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle being pumped into the systemic circulation, leading to cyanosis (blueness of the skin) due to decreased oxygen levels in the arterial blood.
The other options (A, B, and C) describe different congenital heart defects but do not specifically result in cyanosis due to deoxygenated blood entering the systemic circulation:

A. Coarctation of the aorta results in the narrowing of the aorta but does not directly lead to cyanosis from the mixing of oxygen-poor blood.

B. Aortic stenosis involves narrowing of the aortic valve but does not typically result in cyanosis in the same way as Tetralogy of Fallot.

C. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) involves a connection between the aorta and pulmonary artery but does not cause cyanosis from mixing to the extent seen in the Tetralogy of Fallot.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

To calculate the safest dose of amoxicillin for Archie based on his weight of 44 pounds (lbs) and the recommended dose of 50 mg/kg/day in two divided doses, you should follow these steps:

Step 1: Convert Archie's weight from pounds (lbs) to kilograms (kg).

1 pound = 0.453592 kilograms

44 lbs * 0.453592 kg/lb = 19.504 kg (rounded to the nearest tenth)

Step 2: Calculate the total daily dose based on his weight.

Total daily dose = Weight (kg) * Dose (mg/kg/day)

Total daily dose = 19.504 kg * 50 mg/kg/day = 975.2 mg/day

Step 3: Divide the total daily dose into two equal doses since it's to be administered in two divided doses.

Each dose = Total daily dose / 2

Each dose = 975.2 mg/day / 2 = 487.6 mg/dose

Since it's not possible to administer a fraction of a milligram accurately, you would round the dose to the nearest available dosage strength.

Therefore, the safest dose for Archie would be:

500 mg

So, Archie should take 500 mg of amoxicillin before his dentist appointment.

A. Increased afterload B. Decreased cardiac output C. Decreased contractility D. increased stroke volume

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Decreased cardiac output is a common consequence of various cardiac conditions in children. In this scenario, the child's cool extremities and thready pulses indicate poor peripheral perfusion, which can occur when the heart is not effectively pumping blood to meet the body's demands. Decreased urinary output is another sign of poor cardiac output, as reduced blood flow to the kidneys can result in decreased urine production.

The other options may contribute to decreased cardiac output, but they are not the primary factors indicated by the clinical findings:

A. Increased afterload: Increased afterload can make it more difficult for the heart to pump blood effectively, but it is not the primary cause of the symptoms described.

C. Decreased contractility: Decreased contractility can reduce the heart's ability to pump blood, contributing to decreased cardiac output, but it is not the primary factor indicated by the clinical findings.

D. Increased stroke volume: An increase in stroke volume typically results in improved cardiac output, not diminished cardiac output as seen in this scenario.

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Which of the following disorders leads to cyanosis from deoxygenated blood entering the systemic arterial circulation?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Archie who weighs 44 tb has been given an order for amoxilin 500 mg bid to take before a dentist appointment based on his history of infective endocans. The drug test shows that the daily dose of amoecitin is 50 mg/kg/day in two divided doses. What dose in milligrams is safest for this child?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

The nurse is assessing a child with a cardiac problem. The child's extremities are cool with thready pulses, and urinary output is diminished. This is most suggestive of which of the following?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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