Which of the following disorders leads to cyanosis from deoxygenated blood entering the systemic arterial circulation?

Carctation of aorta

Artic stenosis

Patient ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Tetralogy of fallot

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect characterized by a combination of four specific heart abnormalities:
Ventricular septal defect (VSD): A hole in the wall (septum) between the two lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart.
Overriding aorta: The aorta is positioned over both the left and right ventricles, allowing oxygen-poor (deoxygenated) blood from the right ventricle to mix with oxygen-rich (oxygenated) blood from the left ventricle.
Pulmonic stenosis: Narrowing of the pulmonary valve or artery, which restricts blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Right ventricular hypertrophy: The right ventricle becomes thicker and more muscular as it works harder to pump blood against the narrowed pulmonary valve or artery.
The combination of these defects results in deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle being pumped into the systemic circulation, leading to cyanosis (blueness of the skin) due to decreased oxygen levels in the arterial blood.
The other options (A, B, and C) describe different congenital heart defects but do not specifically result in cyanosis due to deoxygenated blood entering the systemic circulation:

A. Coarctation of the aorta results in the narrowing of the aorta but does not directly lead to cyanosis from the mixing of oxygen-poor blood.

B. Aortic stenosis involves narrowing of the aortic valve but does not typically result in cyanosis in the same way as Tetralogy of Fallot.

C. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) involves a connection between the aorta and pulmonary artery but does not cause cyanosis from mixing to the extent seen in the Tetralogy of Fallot.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Phimosis is a condition in which the foreskin of the penis is tight or difficult to retract over the glans (head of the penis). It is normal for infants and young boys to have a non-retractable foreskin, and it usually resolves naturally as they grow. Pulling back the foreskin forcefully or attempting to clean under it in an infant can cause injury, pain, and even infection.

The correct approach is to gently clean the external genitalia with mild soap and water, but the foreskin should not be forcibly retracted in an infant. The foreskin will gradually become more retractable on its own as the child grows.

The other statements are generally appropriate:

A. "This is a normal finding as my son is uncircumcised": Phimosis is more common in uncircumcised males, and it is often a normal developmental variation in infants.

B. "This means that there is a narrowing of his torch that could lead to an infection": This statement recognizes the possibility of complications related to phimosis, such as the risk of infection, which is accurate.

D. "If this continues to be an issue, we may have him circumcised": Circumcision may be considered in cases where phimosis persists and causes problems, but it is usually not recommended during infancy unless medically necessary. This statement acknowledges a potential treatment option.

A. Tetralogy of Fallot B. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome C. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) D. Ventricular Septal Defect E. Coarctation of the Aorta

Correct Answer is ["A","B","E"]

Explanation

The congenital heart diseases that often require multiple surgeries to correct are:

A.Tetralogy of Fallot usually requires staged surgical repairs, with multiple surgeries performed over time to address the various components of the defect.

B.Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome typically requires a series of staged surgeries, including the Norwood procedure, Glenn procedure, and Fontan procedure, to manage the condition.

E.While some cases can be corrected with a single surgery or catheter-based intervention, re-narrowing (re-coarctation) is common, especially in infants. This may necessitate repeat surgeries or balloon angioplasty later in life.

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Which of the following disorders leads to cyanosis from deoxygenated blood entering the systemic arterial circulation?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A 2-month-old patient has a history of phimosis What statement by the father indicates a need for further teaching?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Which of the following congenital heart diseases require multiple surgeries to correct? (Select All that Apply)

Correct Answer is ["A","B","E"]

Explanation

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Which of the following disorders leads to cyanosis from deoxygenated blood entering the systemic arterial circulation?