Which of the following food choices contains the least amount of phenylalanine for children with PKU?

Choice A reason:

Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is the first-line treatment for children with acute diarrhea and moderate dehydration. ORS contains a precise balance of electrolytes and glucose, which helps to rehydrate the child effectively by promoting the absorption of water and electrolytes in the intestines. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend ORS as the preferred treatment for dehydration caused by diarrhea. It is effective, easy to administer, and can be given at home or in a healthcare setting.

Choice B reason:

Antidiarrheal medications such as paregoric are not recommended for children with acute diarrhea. These medications can slow down the movement of the intestines, which may prolong the infection and increase the risk of complications. Additionally, they do not address the underlying cause of dehydration. The primary goal in managing acute diarrhea is to rehydrate the child, which is best achieved with ORS.

Choice C reason:

Clear liquids, such as water, broth, or diluted fruit juices, can be used to provide some hydration, but they do not contain the necessary electrolytes to effectively treat moderate dehydration. Clear liquids alone are not sufficient to replace the lost electrolytes and fluids caused by diarrhea. ORS is specifically formulated to address these needs and is more effective in rehydrating the child.

Choice D reason:

Adsorbents, such as kaolin and pectin, are not recommended for the treatment of acute diarrhea in children. These substances can bind to the contents of the intestines and may reduce the frequency of stools, but they do not address the underlying dehydration. The primary focus should be on rehydration with ORS, which provides the necessary electrolytes and fluids to restore the child’s hydration status.

The correct answer is

A. Waddling gait

B. Kyphosis

C. Lordosis

D. Scoliosis

E. Gower sign

Choice A reason

Waddling gait: Children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) often exhibit a waddling gait due to progressive muscle weakness, particularly in the pelvic girdle muscles. This gait pattern is a compensatory mechanism to maintain balance and mobility despite weakened muscles. The waddling gait is one of the early signs of DMD and typically becomes noticeable between the ages of 2 and 6 years.

Choice B Reason

Kyphosis: Kyphosis, an excessive outward curvature of the spine, can develop in children with DMD as the disease progresses. Muscle weakness and imbalance, particularly in the back muscles, contribute to this spinal deformity. Kyphosis can lead to discomfort, respiratory issues, and further mobility challenges, necessitating close monitoring and intervention.

Choice C Reason

Lordosis: Lordosis, an exaggerated inward curvature of the lower spine, is another common finding in children with DMD. This condition often develops as a compensatory mechanism to maintain an upright posture despite weakened hip and thigh muscles. Lordosis can cause lower back pain and impact overall posture and gait.

Choice D Reason

Scoliosis: Scoliosis, a lateral curvature of the spine, frequently occurs in children with DMD due to progressive muscle weakness and imbalance. As the disease advances, scoliosis can become more pronounced, leading to discomfort, respiratory complications, and further functional limitations. Early detection and management are crucial to mitigate these effects.

Choice E Reason

Gower sign: The Gower sign is a classic clinical indicator of DMD. It refers to the maneuver children with DMD use to rise from the floor, involving the use of their hands to “walk” up their legs due to proximal muscle weakness. This sign is typically observed in early childhood and is a key diagnostic feature of DMD1.