Which of the following is a characteristic of Koplik spots in children with measles?
They present as fluid-filled vesicles on the child's chest.
They appear as small, red spots with white centers on the buccal mucosa.
They are enlarged parotid glands.
They are a gray pseudomembrane covering the pharynx.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A rationale
Fluid-filled vesicles on the chest are not characteristic of Koplik spots. Vesicular rashes are more commonly associated with conditions like varicella (chickenpox) or herpes zoster, where the viral replication leads to the formation of small, elevated, fluid-filled lesions on the skin surface.
Choice B rationale
Koplik spots are pathognomonic for measles, appearing as small, irregular, bright red spots with bluish-white centers on the buccal mucosa, typically opposite the molars. They represent necrotic epithelial cells in the buccal mucosa and are an early diagnostic sign, often appearing 2-3 days before the generalized rash.
Choice C rationale
Enlarged parotid glands are characteristic of mumps, a viral infection affecting the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands. This condition leads to swelling and tenderness in the areas anterior to the ears and below the jawline, distinct from the oral lesions seen in measles.
Choice D rationale
A gray pseudomembrane covering the pharynx is a hallmark sign of diphtheria, a bacterial infection caused by *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*. This pseudomembrane is a tough, adherent lesion composed of fibrin, bacteria, and necrotic cells that can obstruct the airway, unrelated to measles.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","C"]
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Detergent pods are highly concentrated and can cause severe chemical burns to the esophagus and respiratory tract if ingested. Their bright colors and soft, squeezable nature can attract young children, making them a significant aspiration and poisoning risk due to their caustic properties. Normal esophageal tissue is delicate and easily damaged by corrosives.
Choice B rationale
Television remote controls, while a common household item, are typically too large and irregularly shaped to be easily aspirated into a toddler's airway. The primary concern with remote controls is choking on small, removable parts like batteries, not aspiration of the entire object into the trachea. Normal airway diameter in toddlers is small.
Choice C rationale
A tennis ball, due to its size and spherical shape, can perfectly occlude a toddler's airway, leading to complete obstruction and potential asphyxiation. Its smooth surface makes it difficult to dislodge once aspirated, posing a significant and immediate life-threatening choking hazard for young children. Normal tracheal lumen can be fully occluded by objects of similar diameter.
Choice D rationale
Hairbrushes are generally too large and awkwardly shaped to be aspirated by a toddler. While bristles or small decorative elements could potentially break off and be ingested, the primary concern with a hairbrush itself is not airway obstruction through aspiration of the entire object. Normal pharyngeal reflexes would typically prevent aspiration of such large objects. .
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The statement "I can change who I designate as my health care proxy at any time" indicates a correct understanding. A health care proxy designation is a revocable document, meaning the individual can modify or revoke their chosen proxy at any point, provided they have the decisional capacity to do so, reflecting their evolving wishes.
Choice B rationale
The statement "The health care proxy does not go into effect until I am incapable of making decisions" indicates a correct understanding. A health care proxy's authority is activated only when the principal is deemed medically incapacitated and unable to communicate their own healthcare decisions, preserving patient autonomy while capable.
Choice C rationale
The statement "If I become incapacitated, end-of-life choices will be made by my proxy" indicates a correct understanding. The designated health care proxy is legally empowered to make medical decisions, including end-of-life choices, on behalf of the incapacitated individual, aligning with the patient's previously expressed wishes or acting in their best interest.
Choice D rationale
The statement "I have to choose a family member as my health care proxy" indicates a need for clarification. While many individuals choose a family member, the law does not restrict the choice of a health care proxy to family members only. A person can designate any trusted adult, such as a friend, as their proxy, as long as they are competent and willing to serve. .
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