Which of the following is attributed to the rising cost of healthcare?
Hospital downsizing in the United States
Transition from primarily government institutions to community institutions
Advanced sanitation, nursing and medical services
Third-party payment
The Correct Answer is D
A. Hospital downsizing in the United States: Hospital downsizing generally aims to reduce costs and improve efficiency, not increase healthcare costs.
B. Transition from primarily government institutions to community institutions: This transition often seeks to improve accessibility and cost-effectiveness in healthcare delivery rather than causing rising costs.
C. Advanced sanitation, nursing, and medical services: While these contribute to better health outcomes and possibly higher initial investments, they are not the primary driver of rising healthcare costs.
D. Third-party payment: Third-party payment systems, such as insurance companies, contribute
to rising healthcare costs due to factors like administrative expenses, profit margins, and complex billing processes.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Rationale:
A. The national debt: While the national debt may influence policy decisions, including healthcare reform initiatives, it is not as directly linked to healthcare as demographic trends.
B. Demographic trends: Historical observations suggest that changes in population
demographics, such as aging populations, shifts in racial and ethnic composition, and changes in family structures, have significant implications for healthcare needs and delivery. These trends often drive policy discussions and reform initiatives to address evolving healthcare demands.
C. Political ideology: Political ideology certainly plays a role in shaping healthcare policies and reforms, but it is often influenced by demographic trends and other factors.
D. Global challenges: Global challenges, such as pandemics or emerging infectious diseases, can impact healthcare systems and may lead to specific policy responses, but they are not as consistent determinants of health reform initiatives as demographic trends.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Look at the performance of an individual or organization: Micro perspectives on quality focus on evaluating the performance of specific individuals, healthcare providers, or organizations, such as hospitals or clinics.
B. Look at quality from the population's standpoint: This is an example of a macro perspective on quality, which considers healthcare outcomes and quality indicators at a broader population level.
C. Joint Commission quality check website: The Joint Commission is a healthcare accrediting organization that evaluates and accredits healthcare organizations and programs based on
established standards and quality measures. While it contributes to quality assessment, it does not represent a specific perspective (micro or macro).
D. Reflect the performance of the entire health care delivery system: This is another example of a macro perspective on quality, which assesses the overall performance and effectiveness of the healthcare delivery system as a whole.
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