Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?
Electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation
oxidation reactions
substrate-level phosphorylation
lactic acid production
The Correct Answer is A
A. Electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation: This stage of cellular respiration produces the majority of ATP, typically about 26–34 molecules per glucose. It relies on the transfer of electrons through protein complexes and the use of a proton gradient to drive ATP synthase activity.
B. oxidation reactions: Oxidation reactions remove electrons from molecules, often transferring them to NAD⁺ or FAD. While essential for energy extraction, these reactions alone do not directly generate large amounts of ATP.
C. substrate-level phosphorylation: This mechanism occurs during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, producing ATP directly from enzyme-mediated reactions. However, it only accounts for a small fraction of ATP yield, about 2 ATP in glycolysis and 2 in the Krebs cycle.
D. lactic acid production: Lactic acid is formed in anaerobic respiration when pyruvate is reduced to lactate. This process regenerates NAD⁺ for glycolysis but yields no additional ATP beyond the small amount produced in glycolysis itself.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. stratum basale:This is the deepest layer of the epidermis, consisting of mitotically active basal cells. Its main function is cell division and replacement of superficial layers, not the initiation of keratinization.
B. stratum lucidum:This clear layer is found only in thick skin, such as the palms and soles. It contains densely packed keratin, but keratinization has already occurred before this stage.
C. stratum spinosum:Cells in this layer begin producing keratin and keratohyalin, initiating the process of keratinization. The spiny appearance of the cells is due to desmosomal attachments, which help strengthen the epidermis.
D. stratum corneum:This outermost layer is composed of fully keratinized, dead cells. By this stage, keratinization is complete, and cells are flattened, providing a protective barrier.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
False:Cellular respiration is a catabolic reaction because it breaks down glucose into carbon dioxide and water while releasing ATP. The breakdown of molecules to generate usable energy is characteristic of catabolic processes, not anabolic ones.
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