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Which of the following routes is affected by the first-pass effect?

A.

Oral (PO)

B.

Intravenous (IV)

C.

Intramuscular (M)

D.

Subcutaneous (SC)

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A.    The first-pass effect refers to the metabolism of a drug in the liver before it reaches systemic circulation. This primarily affects oral medications, as they are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and first pass through the liver.
B.    Intravenous (IV) drugs bypass the first-pass effect as they are directly introduced into the bloodstream.
C.    Intramuscular (IM) and D. Subcutaneous (SC) routes also bypass the first-pass effect since the drug enters the bloodstream without passing through the liver initially.
 


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is ["A","B"]

Explanation

A. Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that works in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. It inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride, leading to increased excretion of water, sodium, and chloride.
B. Hydrochlorothiazide is often the first-line treatment for hypertension because it helps reduce blood pressure through diuresis (increased urine output), which reduces fluid volume in the body.
C. Urinary retention is not a known complication of hydrochlorothiazide. Instead, it may cause frequent urination due to its diuretic effect.
D. Hydrochlorothiazide does not interact with opioids in a way that would cause opioid toxicity. It primarily affects sodium and water balance in the body.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Propylthiouracil (PTU): PTU is an antithyroid medication used to treat Graves' disease by inhibiting thyroid hormone production.
B. Morphine sulfate (Astramorph): Morphine is a pain medication and is not used for Graves' disease.
C. Sucralfate (Carafate): Sucralfate is used to treat ulcers, not thyroid disorders.
D. Metformin (Glucophage): Metformin is used for diabetes, not for thyroid disorders.

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