Which test for HIV is used primarily as a confirmatory test rather than a generalized screening test?

Enzyme immunoassay.

Western Blot.

White blood cell differential.

CD4+ cell count.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A. Enzyme immunoassay. The enzyme immunoassay (EIA), also known as the ELISA test, is used as a primary screening test for HIV. If the EIA test is positive, a confirmatory test, such as the Western Blot, is performed to ensure accuracy.

B. Western Blot. The Western Blot is a confirmatory test for HIV used to verify positive results from an initial screening test. It detects specific HIV antibodies and is highly specific, reducing the likelihood of false positives.

C. White blood cell differential. A white blood cell (WBC) differential assesses the overall immune response but does not diagnose HIV. While some HIV patients may show low WBC counts, this test is not specific for HIV infection.

D. CD4+ cell count. CD4+ cell count is used to monitor disease progression and immune function in HIV-positive patients, but it is not a confirmatory test for diagnosing HIV. A low CD4+ count suggests HIV progression toward AIDS rather than initial diagnosis.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Crohn's disease. Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects nutrient absorption, leading to malnutrition. It can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and intestinal damage, reducing the body's ability to absorb essential nutrients such as proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Clients may also have anorexia and weight loss due to inflammation and malabsorption.
B. Gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can cause discomfort and lead to dietary modifications, but it does not directly cause severe malnutrition. Clients may avoid certain foods, but overall nutrient absorption remains intact.
C. Cholecystitis. Cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) primarily affects fat digestion. While clients may experience discomfort with fatty foods, it does not typically lead to widespread malnutrition.
D. Diverticulosis. Diverticulosis is usually asymptomatic and does not impair nutrient absorption. While dietary fiber intake is important to prevent complications like diverticulitis, this condition does not pose a high risk for malnutrition compared to Crohn’s disease.

A. Apply a zinc based cream with brief changes B. Apply powder to the perineum C. Provide a donut shaped pillow to sit on D. Use an antimicrobial soap to clean skin E. Place a foam pad on the bed F. Ensure the client slides up in bed on their own G. Two person assist to move up in bed using slide sheet H. Elevate the head of bed above 30 degrees I. Request a physical therapy consult

Correct Answer is ["A","E","G","I"]

Explanation

A. Apply a zinc-based cream with brief changes. Zinc-based creams create a protective barrier against moisture and irritation from incontinence. This helps prevent skin breakdown by reducing the effects of prolonged exposure to urine and stool.
B. Apply powder to the perineum. Powder can cause clumping when mixed with moisture, increasing friction and leading to skin irritation. It is not the preferred method for preventing skin breakdown in incontinent patients.
C. Provide a donut-shaped pillow to sit on. Donut-shaped pillows create pressure points around the edges, which can worsen pressure injuries rather than prevent them. A pressure-relieving cushion is a better alternative.
D. Use an antimicrobial soap to clean skin. Harsh soaps can strip the skin of its natural protective oils, leading to dryness and irritation. A mild, pH-balanced cleanser is recommended for skin care.
E. Place a foam pad on the bed. Foam pads help redistribute pressure and reduce friction, lowering the risk of pressure injuries for patients who have limited mobility and spend extended time in bed.
F. Ensure the client slides up in bed on their own. Allowing the client to slide in bed increases friction and shearing forces, leading to skin breakdown. Assisted repositioning is necessary to prevent injury.
G. Two-person assist to move up in bed using a slide sheet. Using a slide sheet with assistance minimizes friction and shear, which are significant contributors to pressure ulcers. This method helps protect fragile skin.
H. Elevate the head of the bed above 30 degrees. Elevating the bed above 30 degrees increases pressure on the sacrum and coccyx, heightening the risk of skin breakdown. A lower elevation is preferred unless contraindicated.
I. Request a physical therapy consult. A physical therapy consult can help improve mobility, strength, and positioning techniques, reducing prolonged pressure on vulnerable areas and promoting skin integrity.

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Which test for HIV is used primarily as a confirmatory test rather than a generalized screening test?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

The nurse is assessing the nutritional status of a group of clients in a long term care facility. Which pathophysiological process poses the highest risk for malnutrition in this population?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Exhibits The nurse reviews the client's data. After collaboration with the wound care nurse, which intervention(s) should the primary nurse perform to reduce risk of skin injury? Select all that apply.

Correct Answer is ["A","E","G","I"]

Explanation

The nurse identifies the hospitalized client in which situation as being at highest risk for the development of a healthcare associated infection (HAI)?

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