Why do we instruct care givers about preventing kidney injury in their baby or child under 2 years old?

A) Smokey brown urine:

This finding is not typically associated with nephrotic syndrome. Smokey brown urine might indicate the presence of blood in the urine, which can be seen in conditions such as hematuria or certain kidney infections.

B) Polyuria:

Polyuria refers to excessive urination and is not a primary characteristic of nephrotic syndrome. However, children with nephrotic syndrome may have decreased urine output due to the loss of fluid and proteins through the damaged kidney filters.

C) Facial edema:

Facial edema (swelling of the face) is a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome. The loss of albumin in the urine results in a decrease in oncotic pressure (a force that helps keep fluid in the blood vessels), leading to fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces, including the face, ankles, and abdomen.

D) Hypertension:

Hypertension (high blood pressure) is not a typical finding of nephrotic syndrome itself. However, it's possible for kidney damage to lead to secondary hypertension. In nephrotic syndrome, low levels of albumin can trigger the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which can contribute to increased blood pressure.

A) Kidneys are very small and irregular.

Explanation: This statement is not the primary reason for instructing caregivers about preventing kidney injury in babies or children under 2 years old. While it is true that infant and toddler kidneys are relatively smaller and have a slightly different shape compared to adult kidneys, the main concern for kidney injury prevention in this age group is related to other factors.

B) The occurrence of Hirsutism.

Explanation: Hirsutism refers to excessive hair growth, typically in a male pattern, in women and children. It is not directly related to kidney injury prevention in babies or children under 2 years old. Hirsutism is usually caused by hormonal imbalances and is not a primary consideration when instructing caregivers about preventing kidney injury.

C) Diaper rashes.

Explanation: Diaper rashes are skin irritations that occur in the diaper area of infants and young children. While diaper rashes can be uncomfortable and require proper care, they are not a major concern when instructing caregivers about preventing kidney injury. Diaper rashes are typically a result of prolonged exposure to moisture and can be managed with good hygiene practices and appropriate diaper-changing routines.

D) Children under two years old are more vulnerable to kidney trauma from compression force to abdomen.

Explanation: This statement is true and is the main reason for instructing caregivers about preventing kidney injury in babies or children under 2 years old. Children in this age group have relatively larger abdomens and less developed abdominal muscles, which makes their kidneys more susceptible to injury from compression forces to the abdomen. This is why caregivers are advised to handle young children carefully, avoid rough play, and ensure that they are securely fastened in car seats and other safety devices to prevent potential kidney trauma.