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Clinical Manifestations

Diabetes mellitus manifests through a spectrum of symptoms:

  • Polyuria: Excessive urination due to glucose-spiked urine.
  • Polydipsia: Unquenchable thirst driven by fluid loss.
  • Polyphagia: Intense hunger as cells starve despite high glucose levels.
  • Weight Loss: Body metabolizes fat and muscle for energy.
  • Fatigue: Cells' energy deprivation leads to persistent tiredness.
  • Blurred Vision: High glucose affects the lens, leading to visual disturbances.

Questions on Clinical Manifestations

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

<p>This statement is correct. If left uncontrolled, diabetes can lead to various complications, including kidney damage and nerve problems.</p>

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

No explanation

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

<p>This statement is correct. In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance occurs, meaning the body&#39;s cells become less responsive to the effects of insulin.</p>

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

<p>This choice is incorrect. Hypoglycemic episodes with confusion are symptoms of low blood sugar, not hyperglycemia.</p>

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

<p>This choice is incorrect. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells is associated with type 1 diabetes, not type 2.</p>

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

<p>This statement is correct. Monitoring blood sugar levels empowers the client to make informed decisions about their diabetes management.</p>

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

<p>Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to nerve damage, a condition known as neuropathy. This can result in symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and pain in the extremities.<br /> </p>

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

<p>This choice is incorrect. Adequate fluid intake is important for overall health and is not typically restricted in diabetes management.</p>

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

<p>This choice is incorrect. Alcohol can further lower blood sugar levels and is not recommended for treating hypoglycemia.</p>

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

<p>This statement is correct. Moisturizing the feet regularly can help prevent dry skin, which can lead to cracks and potential infections.</p>

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

<p>This choice is incorrect. Type 1 diabetes typically develops in childhood or adolescence, not adulthood, and is not associated with insulin resistance.</p>

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

<p>This choice is incorrect. Excess insulin production by the pancreas is not a typical mechanism in type 2 diabetes.</p>

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

<p>This choice is incorrect. Insulin promotes glycogen synthesis, contributing to the storage of glucose and lowering blood sugar levels.</p>

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

<p>This choice is incorrect. Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to insulin resistance, not enhanced insulin sensitivity.</p>

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

<p>This choice is incorrect. Secondary diabetes mellitus is caused by other underlying medical conditions or factors and is not primarily characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells.</p>

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

<p>This choice is incorrect. Secondary diabetes mellitus is caused by other medical conditions or factors, not primarily by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.</p>

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

<p>This choice is incorrect. Secondary diabetes mellitus is caused by other underlying medical conditions or factors and is not specific to pregnancy.</p>

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

<p>Secondary diabetes mellitus is caused by other medical conditions or factors that affect insulin secretion or action, such as medications, hormonal disorders, or specific medical conditions.</p>

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

<p>This choice is incorrect. Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes and is not primarily caused by genetic mutations.</p>

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

<p>This choice is incorrect. Panic attacks, paranoia, and paresthesia are not typical clinical manifestations of diabetes mellitus.</p>

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

<p>Long-standing hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus can lead to impaired wound healing, as high blood sugar levels affect blood flow and immune function, increasing the risk of infections.</p>

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

<p>Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus can lead to damage of small blood vessels and nerves, resulting in neuropathy characterized by numbness, tingling, and pain in the extremities.</p>

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

<p>Diabetic retinopathy, a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, can lead to blurred or distorted vision due to damage to the blood vessels in the retina.</p>

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

<p>This choice is incorrect. Rapid weight gain and bloating are not characteristic manifestations of diabetes mellitus; weight loss is more common.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. The C-peptide test is used to assess insulin production by the pancreas and is not typically used to assess long-term glucose control.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. A fasting blood glucose level of 100 mg/dL is within the normal range.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. The random blood glucose test measures blood glucose levels at any time and is not specific for diagnosing gestational diabetes.</p>

<p>The OGTT measures the body&#39;s ability to clear glucose from the blood by drinking a glucose solution and measuring blood glucose levels at specific intervals. It is commonly used to diagnose diabetes mellitus.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. A random blood glucose level of 120 mg/dL is within the normal range</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. Exenatide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that stimulates insulin secretion and suppresses glucagon release, but it does not primarily target insulin sensitivity.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. Acarbose is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that delays carbohydrate absorption in the intestines and is used to manage postprandial hyperglycemia.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. Insulin detemir is a long-acting basal insulin used in insulin therapy.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. Insulin glargine therapy provides long-acting basal insulin coverage but does not involve bolus doses before meals.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. Oral antidiabetic medications are not part of intensive insulin therapy.</p>

<p>Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus that results from the thickening and narrowing of small blood vessels, leading to reduced blood flow to the lower extremities. This can cause symptoms such as leg pain, numbness, and poor wound healing.<br /> </p>

<p>Diabetic cataracts result from the accumulation of glucose within the lens of the eye, leading to changes in vision and the development of cataracts. This can cause blurred vision and visual disturbances.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication that affects the blood vessels of the retina and can lead to vision loss.</p>

<p>Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus that affects the blood vessels of the retina, leading to vision impairment and potential blindness. It is a result of prolonged high blood glucose levels damaging the small blood vessels in the eye.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication that affects the blood vessels of the retina and can lead to vision loss.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. Prediabetes is a precursor to type 2 diabetes and involves impaired glucose tolerance, but it does not result from autoimmune destruction of beta cells.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. Cortisol, also produced by the adrenal glands, can increase blood glucose levels in response to stress and inflammation.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. The C-peptide test is used to assess insulin production by measuring the level of C-peptide, a byproduct of insulin production.</p>

<p>Carbohydrates have the most significant impact on blood glucose levels as they are broken down into glucose during digestion. Monitoring and controlling carbohydrate intake is crucial for managing blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes mellitus.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. Prediabetes is a condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. It is not characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is not caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells as seen in type 1 diabetes.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. An hemoglobin A1c level of 6.5% or higher is diagnostic of diabetes mellitus, not prediabetes.</p>

<p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and is characterized by high blood glucose levels. It usually resolves after childbirth but increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future.</p>

<p>This choice is incorrect. The spleen is involved in immune function and blood filtration, but it does not play a central role in blood glucose regulation.</p>
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