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Tuberculosis

- Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) .

- TB mainly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB), but it can also affect other organs and tissues (extrapulmonary TB), such as the kidneys, bones, lymph nodes, and meninges .

- TB is spread by respiratory droplets that are released when a person with active pulmonary TB coughs, sneezes, laughs, or speaks . The droplets can remain airborne for minutes to hours until they are inhaled by another person .

- TB is not spread by contact with objects or surfaces that are contaminated with the bacteria, such as hands, books, glasses, or dishes .

- TB infection occurs when a person is exposed to M. tuberculosis and develops a cellular immune response that limits the multiplication and spread of the bacteria . However, some bacteria may remain dormant (latent) in the body for years or decades without causing any symptoms or disease .

- TB disease occurs when the latent bacteria become active and cause tissue damage and inflammation . This can happen when the immune system is weakened by factors such as HIV infection, malnutrition, diabetes, aging, or corticosteroid use .

- TB is a global health problem that affects millions of people every year, especially in low- and middle-income countries where access to diagnosis and treatment is limited 

Questions on Tuberculosis

Correct Answer is ["A","B","E"]

Explanation

Isolate the patient until all lesions are crusted over to prevent transmission to others. This statement is correct. Isolating the patient until all the lesions are crusted over is an important infection control measure to prevent the spread of the varicella-zoster virus to others. Once the lesions are crusted, the patient is no longer contagious.

Correct Answer is ["A","B","D","E"]

Explanation

Providing comfort measures is essential in managing the symptoms of shingles. Cool compresses can help relieve pain and inflammation, loose clothing can prevent irritation of the affected area, distraction techniques can divert the client's attention from discomfort, and relaxation methods can help reduce stress and promote healing.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

The patient should not return to work or school until all lesions are crusted over and they are no longer contagious. Typically, this occurs about 6-7 days after the rash first appears. Returning too early can increase the risk of spreading the virus to others.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Sharing personal items should be avoided during shingles, as it can increase the risk of transmission to others who have not had chickenpox or been vaccinated.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Isolating infected individuals until all lesions are crusted over is a measure to prevent the spread of chickenpox, but it is not as effective as vaccination in preventing the disease and its complications. Now, searching for three additional ATI/HESI MCQs related to the topic of Tuberculosis (TB)

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Cough is a hallmark symptom of tuberculosis. It is usually a productive cough that lasts for several weeks or longer, with the possibility of producing sputum that may be bloody or purulent. Cough is a key indicator for healthcare providers to suspect TB and order appropriate testing.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Avoiding potential drug interactions is an essential consideration in any medical treatment, but it is not the primary reason for using multiple drugs in TB treatment. The main focus is on preventing drug resistance and increasing treatment success.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A borderline reaction is not typically associated with TB testing. Borderline reactions are less specific and are not commonly used to interpret the results of TB skin tests.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

The tuberculin skin test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test, involves injecting a small amount of tuberculin into the forearm and then measuring the induration (localized swelling and redness) at the injection site after 48 to 72 hours. A positive TST result indicates exposure to TB but does not distinguish between latent TB infection and active TB disease.

Correct Answer is ["A","B","E"]

Explanation

Washing hands frequently is an essential measure to prevent the transmission of TB and other infections. Proper hand hygiene reduces the risk of spreading bacteria from contaminated surfaces to the mouth, nose, or eyes.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

"I understand that the treatment may require surgery if there is extensive lung damage" is a correct statement. In some cases of TB, particularly if there is significant lung damage or complications, surgical intervention may be necessary.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

"Placing the patient in a negative pressure room." Placing the patient in a negative pressure room is not a nursing intervention for monitoring treatment response or identifying complications. Negative pressure rooms are used to prevent the spread of airborne infectious agents, but they are not directly related to treatment monitoring.

"Sputum culture." Sputum culture is a gold standard diagnostic test for confirming active TB disease and identifying the specific strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it is highly sensitive and specific for diagnosing active TB, it is not more specific than the IGRA for detecting TB infection

Administering antibiotic therapy is a critical aspect of TB treatment. However, it is not the primary goal of nursing interventions. Nursing interventions primarily focus on the prevention of transmission and supporting patients through their treatment journey.

Pain management is essential for patients with TB, especially for those experiencing chest pain, which can be a symptom of the disease or a complication. Adequate pain control improves the patient's comfort and compliance with treatment.

Surveillance involves monitoring the incidence and prevalence of TB at the population level. It does not directly involve administering the BCG vaccine to individuals at risk.

E (Contact tracing) is a strategy to identify and screen individuals who may have been exposed to active TB cases, not a direct intervention for LTBI management.

D is also accurate; the BCG vaccine is administered intramuscularly.

<p>Choices A and D are incorrect statements. Chemoprophylaxis requires taking the medication for an extended period, usually six to nine months, not just a few days.</p>

Identifying and testing persons who have been in close contact with active TB cases is part of contact tracing and TB screening efforts, which are separate from the purpose of directly observed therapy (DOT) DOT is centered on the supervision of treatment for clients already diagnosed with active TB

Pregnant women, like the elderly, are at higher risk of severe complications if they develop TB during pregnancy. However, the incidence of TB is generally lower in pregnant women compared to young adults between 20 to 30 years of age, who are more socially active and likely to encounter TB-exposed

South America, like North America, has a lower TB burden compared to Africa. However, some countries in South America still experience a significant number of TB cases, particularly in areas with limited access to healthcare and socioeconomic challenges. Nonetheless, Africa remains the region with t

This statement is correct. Drug-resistant TB requires more prolonged treatment compared to drug-sensitive TB. Treatment for drug-resistant TB can take months to years and often involves a combination of second and third-line drugs, which may have more side effects and require careful monitoring. Hep
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