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Types and distribution

- STIs can be classified into different types based on their causative agents, clinical manifestations, modes of transmission, and epidemiology. Some common types are:

- The distribution of STIs varies by region, population, and time. Some factors that influence the distribution are:

  • Demographic factors such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, income, occupation, marital status
  • Behavioral factors such as sexual activity, number of partners, condom use, substance use
  • Biological factors such as immunity, susceptibility, coinfection
  • Social factors such as stigma, discrimination, access to health care, quality of services
  • Environmental factors such as climate, sanitation, hygiene

- According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there were an estimated 376 million new cases of four curable STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis) in 2016. The global prevalence of these STIs was 3.9% for chlamydia, 0.9% for gonorrhea, 0.6% for syphilis, and 5.3% for trichomoniasis. The highest burden of these STIs was in the African region, followed by the Americas region.

- The WHO also estimated that there were 417 million people living with genital herpes in 2016, with a global prevalence of 11.3%. The highest prevalence was in the African region, followed by the Americas region.

- The WHO also reported that there were 71 million people living with hepatitis B in 2015, with a global prevalence of 0.9%. The highest prevalence was in the Western Pacific region, followed by the African region.

- The WHO also stated that there were 37.9 million people living with HIV in 2018, with a global prevalence of 0.8%. The highest prevalence was in the African region, followed by the European region.

Questions on Types and distribution

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

No explanation

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Congenital abnormalities during pregnancy are not typically associated with IM caused by CMV infection. Congenital CMV infection can cause fetal abnormalities, but this is not directly related to IM.

Correct Answer is ["A","B","E"]

Explanation

Getting enough sleep to boost the immune system is a reasonable preventive measure, as a strong immune system can better defend against viral infections like IM.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

This is the correct choice. STIs can indeed affect anyone who engages in sexual activity, regardless of age or gender. Being sexually active without proper protection and precautions increases the risk of STI transmission.

Correct Answer is ["D","E"]

Explanation

This is the correct choice. Genital warts, caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), can lead to the development of warts on the genitalia and surrounding areas.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Chlamydia is caused by a bacterium, not a virus. Antibiotics are the primary treatment and are effective against bacterial infections like chlamydia.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Practicing abstinence is an effective method to prevent STIs, but it may not be feasible for everyone. It is not the "most effective" method, as condoms and regular testing are also vital strategies.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

<p>Trichomoniasis is typically transmitted through sexual contact, particularly vaginal intercourse. Sharing needles or injection equipment is not a common mode of transmission for this STI.</p>

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Trichomoniasis is indeed caused by a protozoa called Trichomonas vaginalis. It is a common STI that affects the urogenital tract and is transmitted through sexual contact.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Painful growths on the genitals are not a common symptom of genital warts. While genital warts can cause discomfort, they are usually not described as painful growths.

Correct Answer is ["D","E"]

Explanation

HIV/AIDS is transmitted through direct contact with infected blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or breast milk. It is primarily spread through sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Serologic testing using a blood sample can detect antibodies to herpes, indicating past exposure or infection. However, it may not be as accurate for confirming an active genital herpes outbreak as NAAT.

Correct Answer is E

Explanation

Consistent and correct condom use during sexual activity is a primary prevention measure that significantly reduces the risk of STI transmission.

This statement indicates a misunderstanding. Even after symptoms resolve, condom use should continue to prevent reinfection or transmission to partners.

Regular follow-up testing is necessary to monitor treatment efficacy and ensure complete resolution of the infection.

Avoiding sharing personal items like razors is a general hygiene practice but is not specific to preventing trichomoniasis reinfection. It does not address the need for partner notification and treatment.

Visual inspection of genital warts is not relevant to diagnosing gonorrhea. It is used for diagnosing and assessing the severity of warts caused by HPV.

<p>Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is used to manage HIV/AIDS, which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), not syphilis. It is not an appropriate treatment for syphilis infection.</p>

This choice is incorrect. The patient should continue using condoms even after symptom resolution to prevent reinfection and the transmission of STIs.

This choice is incorrect. Regular follow-up testing is not typically required for monitoring herpes progress, as the diagnosis is primarily clinical and based on symptoms.

This choice is correct. Tertiary prevention involves managing chronic conditions that result from STIs, such as HIV/AIDS, to improve quality of life and prevent complications.

This describes parasitic STIs caused by mites or insects infesting the genital skin or hair. These infections can be treated with topical agents or oral drugs. Examples include pubic lice (crabs) and scabies.

<p>Trichomoniasis is caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. This STI can cause vaginal or urethral infections and is treated with prescription medications, usually metronidazole or tinidazole.</p>

This choice directly addresses the client's concern about privacy and stigma. Ensuring confidentiality can help the client feel more comfortable seeking treatment.

Itching and rash are possible symptoms of some bacterial STIs, but they are not the most common complications. Complications are more related to reproductive health.

The Western Pacific region had a notable STI burden, but it was not the highest according to the WHO data. Gastroenteritis. .
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