A 15 kg child has a urine output of 360 mL during the past 12 hours. Calculate the child’s urine output in mL/kg/hour for this period of time. (Do not enter units).

Choice A reason:

Wearing cotton underpants is recommended to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in young girls. Cotton is a breathable fabric that allows air to circulate, reducing moisture and creating an environment less conducive to bacterial growth. This helps to keep the genital area dry and clean, which is important in preventing UTIs.

Choice B reason:

Limiting trips to the bathroom is not recommended for preventing UTIs. In fact, it is important for young girls to urinate frequently to flush out bacteria from the urinary tract. Holding urine for extended periods can increase the risk of bacterial growth and infection. Therefore, encouraging regular bathroom trips is a better practice for preventing UTIs.

Choice C reason:

Decreasing salt intake is not directly related to preventing UTIs. While a healthy diet is important for overall health, there is no specific evidence linking salt intake to the prevention of urinary tract infections. The focus should be on practices that directly reduce the risk of bacterial growth and infection in the urinary tract.

Choice D reason:

Soaking in a bathtub, especially with bubble baths or perfumed soaps, can increase the risk of UTIs. These substances can irritate the urethra and create an environment conducive to bacterial growth. It is better to avoid prolonged baths with such products and instead opt for quick showers to maintain hygiene without increasing the risk of infection.

Choice A reason:

Inspection is the first step in an abdominal assessment. This involves visually examining the abdomen for any abnormalities such as distension, scars, lesions, or asymmetry. The nurse should note the shape, contour, and any visible movements or pulsations. This step is crucial as it provides the initial information about the patient’s condition and helps guide the subsequent steps of the assessment.

Choice B reason:

Auscultation follows inspection in the sequence of an abdominal assessment. The nurse uses a stethoscope to listen for bowel sounds in all four quadrants of the abdomen. This step is performed before palpation to avoid altering the natural bowel sounds. The presence, frequency, and character of bowel sounds can provide valuable information about the gastrointestinal function and help identify any abnormalities such as bowel obstruction or ileus.

Choice C reason:

Superficial palpation is the third step in the abdominal assessment sequence. The nurse gently palpates the abdomen to assess for tenderness, muscle tone, and any superficial masses. This step helps identify areas of discomfort or pain and provides information about the condition of the abdominal wall and underlying structures. It is important to perform this step gently to avoid causing discomfort or pain to the patient.

Choice D reason:

Deep palpation is the final step in the abdominal assessment sequence. The nurse applies more pressure to palpate deeper structures within the abdomen. This step helps assess for any deep-seated masses, organ enlargement, or areas of tenderness that were not detected during superficial palpation. Deep palpation should be performed carefully to avoid causing pain or discomfort to the patient.