A client has been administered lactulose for several days. Which therapeutic response should the nurse expect for a client with hepatic encephalopathy?

Ability to ambulate independently.

Improved mental status.

Reduction in number of liquid stools.

Increase in urine output.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

B. Lactulose works by reducing serum ammonia levels through the promotion of ammonia excretion in the feces, leading to improved cognitive function and mental status in individuals with hepatic encephalopathy.

A. Ability to ambulate independently is not a direct therapeutic response to lactulose administration for hepatic encephalopathy.

C. Lactulose is a laxative and often causes an increase in the number of stools, but the consistency of stools may become softer rather than completely liquid.

D. Increase in urine output is not a direct therapeutic response to lactulose administration for hepatic encephalopathy.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A Preventing esophageal reflux is essential in managing symptoms associated with a direct hiatal hernia. Nursing interventions may include promoting proper positioning (elevating the head of the bed), encouraging smaller, more frequent meals, avoiding trigger foods, and administering medications as prescribed to reduce acid reflux.

B Promoting intestinal peristalsis may be beneficial in certain gastrointestinal conditions, such as constipation but it is not directly related to the management of a direct hiatal hernia.

C Promoting effective swallowing is important for overall swallowing function and preventing aspiration in some cases, it may not directly address the symptoms or complications associated with a direct hiatal hernia.

D Maintaining intact oral mucosa is important for oral health and preventing complications such as oral mucositis, but it is not directly related to the management of a direct hiatal hernia.

A. Type II hypersensitivity. B. Autoimmune response. C. IgE response hypersensitivity. D. Cell mediated hypersensitivity.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

C. Type I hypersensitivity reactions, also known as immediate hypersensitivity reactions, involve the production of IgE antibodies in response to an allergen. In this case, the bee sting likely triggered an IgE-mediated immune response, leading to the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine. The client's symptoms of body rash, shortness of breath, tachycardia, and hypotension are characteristic of anaphylaxis, which is a severe and potentially life-threatening manifestation of Type I hypersensitivity reactions.

A.. Type II hypersensitivity reactions occur when the immune system targets antigens on the body's own cells, leading to cell destruction or dysfunction.

B. Autoimmune responses involve the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own tissues and organs, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.

D. Cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions involve the activation of T cells and the release of cytokines, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage. Examples include delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions such as contact dermatitis or tuberculin skin testing reactions.

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A client has been administered lactulose for several days. Which therapeutic response should the nurse expect for a client with hepatic encephalopathy?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

The nurse is planning care for a client with a direct (sliding) hiatal hernia. Nursing actions should be planned to meet which goal?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A client receives a prescription for vancomycin 500 mg IV every 8 hours. The medication is provided in "500 mg per 100 mL of dextrose 5% in water." To administer the medication over an hour, the nurse should set the infusion pump to deliver how many mL/hr? (Enter numerical value only.)

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