A client reports dizziness on her yearly physical exam.
Which of the following tests would be the most appropriate to assess the client's equilibrium?

Choice A rationale

Functional incontinence occurs when an individual cannot reach the bathroom in time due to physical or cognitive limitations. It is not related to stress or pressure on the bladder but rather to external factors that impede timely access to toileting facilities.

Choice B rationale

Reflex incontinence is characterized by involuntary loss of urine due to a lack of signal awareness or detrusor muscle overactivity. It is typically associated with neurological conditions such as spinal cord injuries or multiple sclerosis. This type of incontinence does not involve stress-related triggers like coughing or sneezing.

Choice C rationale

Stress incontinence involves the involuntary leakage of urine during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or physical exertion. This type of incontinence is commonly seen in women, particularly after childbirth or during menopause, due to weakened pelvic floor muscles or sphincter dysfunction.

Choice D rationale

Urge incontinence is characterized by a sudden and intense urge to urinate, often resulting in involuntary urine leakage before reaching the bathroom. It is typically caused by overactive bladder muscles or nerve signals and is not specifically triggered by actions like coughing or sneezing.

Choice A rationale

Without treatment, glaucoma can lead to blindness due to the progressive damage it causes to the optic nerve. Elevated intraocular pressure damages the optic nerve fibers, leading to peripheral vision loss and eventually total blindness if untreated.

Choice B rationale

Double vision is not a common symptom of glaucoma. Instead, glaucoma typically presents with symptoms like gradual peripheral vision loss, eye pain, and halos around lights.

Choice C rationale

Glaucoma is primarily caused by increased intraocular pressure, either due to overproduction of aqueous humor or improper drainage, not inadequate fluid production.

Choice D rationale

Use of eye drops helps to control intraocular pressure but does not improve vision; it helps to prevent further damage to the optic nerve.